Abstract
In this thesis, it is aimed to produce 3-dimensional (3D) polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds by wet electrospinning method with adjustable density and pore diameters. These scaffolds having adjustable pore diameters will facilitate the infiltration of surface-dependent cells, providing a favorable environment for 3D tissue formation. The pore diameters of 3D PCL structures were adjusted by varying temperature of the coagulation bath and the electric field rotation speed at constant temperature thanks to the conductive patterns underneath the bath. Two coagulation baths were designed to control the bath temperature (R1) and both bath temperature and electric field strength (R2) for the production of 3D structures.
3D structures are made of PCL with a molecular weight of 80000 Da. A mixture of dichloromethane (DCM) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (50:50, 65:35) was used as solvent for the PCL. Production of the 3D structures was carried out at constant time, temperature, flow rate and voltage values. The parameters affecting the wet electrospinning process were optimized and 3D structures with fiber diameters of 3.33±0.71 µm were produced. The temperature of the R1 temperature-controlled coagulation bath while using a 50:50 solution was 25 °C, 3D structures were obtained with a fiber yarn diameter of 0.21±0.03 cm, geometric factor of 1.83±0.20 cm, and average pore diameter of 24.9±3.5 µm. The temperature of R1 was gradually reduced and the fiber yarn diameter of 3D structures increased to 0.62±0.07 cm, geometric factor to 2.85±0.09 cm, average pore diameters to 85.5±5.6 µm at 7 °C. Similarly, the temperature of the R1 temperature-controlled coagulation bath using a 65:35 solution was measured fiber yarn diameter of 0.23±0.02 cm, geometric factor of 2.16±0.57 cm, pore diameter of 37.2±6.1 µm at 25 °C. The fiber yarn diameter, geometric factor and average pore size values were obtained with the same polymer solution at the lowest despicable temperature (5 °C) in the R1 bath, were 0.36±0.04 cm, 3.22±0.28 µm and 111.5±14.7 µm, respectively. The total porosity of this sample obtained from X-ray microtomography (µ-CT) is 87.22%. In the temperature-controlled coagulation bath R2, where the electric field strength is increased, the fiber yarn diameters, geometric factors and mean pore diameters of the 3D structures increased as the temperature decreased, as well as the R1, and the pore diameters and volumes of the 3D structures were changed by changing the electric field rotation at constant coagulation bath temperatures. The highest fiber yarn diameter obtained at a bath temperature of 5 °C was 0.45±0.02 cm, geometric factor was 2.54±0.22 cm, average pore size diameter was 128.29±57.67 µm. The total porosity of the 25 °C bath samples produced under the same conditions during µ-CT scanning was 70.35%, while the average porosity of 5 °C samples was found to be 83.22±2.92%.
The data obtained from 3D PCL structures in the studies carried out within the scope of the thesis show that it is feasible to produce tissue scaffold with adjustable pore sizes in accordance with the needs by changing the temperature and electric field rotation in the designed temperature-controlled coagulation baths. 3D structures with exchangeable pore size distribution can be used in many areas such as tissue scaffold, acoustic materials, filtration media and battery technologies.
xmlui.mirage2.itemSummaryView.Collections
xmlui.dri2xhtml.METS-1.0.item-citation
[1] Z. Fereshteh, Freeze-drying technologies for 3D scaffold engineering, Functional 3D Tissue Engineering Scaffolds, Elsevier, Chapter 7, pp. 151-174, 2018.
[2] M. Costantini, A. Barbetta, Gas foaming technologies for 3D scaffold engineering, Functional 3D Tissue Engineering Scaffolds, Elsevier, Chapter 6, pp. 127-149, 2018.
[3] S.H. Barbanti, C.A.C. Zavaglia, E.A.d.R. Duek, Effect of salt leaching on PCL and PLGA (50/50) resorbable scaffolds, Materials Research, 11 (2008) 75-80.
[4] J. Reignier, M.A. Huneault, Preparation of interconnected poly (ε-caprolactone) porous scaffolds by a combination of polymer and salt particulate leaching, Polymer, 47 (2006) 4703-4717.
[5] R.C. Dutta, M. Dey, A.K. Dutta, B. Basu, Competent processing techniques for scaffolds in tissue engineering, Biotechnology Advances, 35 (2017) 240-250.
[6] Z. Ma, M. Kotaki, R. Inai, S. Ramakrishna, Potential of nanofiber matrix as tissue-engineering scaffolds, Tissue engineering, 11 (2005) 101-109.
[7] S. Mwenifumbo, M.M. Stevens, ECM interactions with cells from the macro-to nanoscale, Biomedical nanostructures, 1 (2007) 225-260.
[8] R. Murugan, S. Ramakrishna, Nano-featured scaffolds for tissue engineering: a review of spinning methodologies, Tissue engineering, 12 (2006) 435-447.
[9] N.M. Kazaroğlu, Yara Örtüleri İçin Alternatif Doku İskeleleri: In vitro Çalışmalar, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Başkent Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2009.
[10] I. Smith, X. Liu, L. Smith, P. Ma, Nanostructured polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 1 (2009) 226-236.
[11] C.A. Bonino, K. Efimenko, S.I. Jeong, M.D. Krebs, E. Alsberg, S.A. Khan, Three‐dimensional electrospun alginate nanofiber mats via tailored charge repulsions, Small, 8 (2012) 1928-1936.
[12] M. Afshari, Electrospun nanofibers, Woodhead Publishing, 2016.
[13] J.J.P.R. Zeleny, The electrical discharge from liquid points, and a hydrostatic method of measuring the electric intensity at their surfaces, 3 (1914) 69-91.
[14] P. Bhattarai, K. Thapa, R. Basnet, S. Sharma, Electrospinning: how to produce nanofibers using most inexpensive technique? An insight into the real challenges of electrospinning such nanofibers and its application areas, International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research, 5 (2014) 401-405.
[15] Anonim, the first use of "electrospinning" term, http://www.internano.org/nms/2011/doshi (Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2019), 2011.
[16] J. Doshi, D.H. Reneker, Electrospinning process and applications of electrospun fibers, Journal of Electrostatics, 35 (1995) 151-160.
[17] N. Bhardwaj, S.C. Kundu, Electrospinning: a fascinating fiber fabrication technique, Biotechnology Advances, 28 (2010) 325-347.
[18] D.H. Reneker, I. Chun, Nanometre diameter fibres of polymer, produced by electrospinning, Nanotechnology, 7 (1996) 216-223.
[19] T. Subbiah, G.S. Bhat, R.W. Tock, S. Parameswaran, S.S. Ramkumar, Electrospinning of nanofibers, Journal of applied polymer science, 96 (2005) 557-569.
[20] B. Sun, Y. Long, H. Zhang, M. Li, J. Duvail, X. Jiang, H. Yin, Advances in three-dimensional nanofibrous macrostructures via electrospinning, Progress in Polymer Science, 39 (2014) 862-890.
[21] S.R. Merritt, A.A. Exner, Z. Lee, H.A. Von Recum, Electrospinning and imaging, Advanced Engineering Materials, 14 (2012) B266-B278.
[22] Q.P. Pham, U. Sharma, A.G. Mikos, Electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone) microfiber and multilayer nanofiber/microfiber scaffolds: characterization of scaffolds and measurement of cellular infiltration, Biomacromolecules, 7 (2006) 2796-2805.
[23] B.M. Baker, A.O. Gee, R.B. Metter, A.S. Nathan, R.A. Marklein, J.A. Burdick, R.L. Mauck, The potential to improve cell infiltration in composite fiber-aligned electrospun scaffolds by the selective removal of sacrificial fibers, Biomaterials, 29 (2008) 2348-2358.
[24] W. Teo, S. Liao, C. Chan, S. Ramakrishna, Remodeling of three-dimensional hierarchically organized nanofibrous assemblies, Current Nanoscience, 4 (2008) 361-369.
[25] M. Yousefzadeh, M. Latifi, M. Amani-Tehran, W.-E. Teo, S. Ramakrishna, A Note on the 3D Structural Design of Electrospun Nanofibers, Journal of Engineered Fabrics and Fibers, 7 (2012) 17-23.
[26] B.A. Blakeney, A. Tambralli, J.M. Anderson, A. Andukuri, D.-J. Lim, D.R. Dean, H.-W. Jun, Cell infiltration and growth in a low density, uncompressed three-dimensional electrospun nanofibrous scaffold, Biomaterials, 32 (2011) 1583-1590.
[27] T.G. Kim, H.J. Chung, T.G.J.A.b. Park, Macroporous and nanofibrous hyaluronic acid/collagen hybrid scaffold fabricated by concurrent electrospinning and deposition/leaching of salt particles, 4 (2008) 1611-1619.
[28] J. Nam, Y. Huang, S. Agarwal, J. Lannutti, Improved cellular infiltration in electrospun fiber via engineered porosity, Tissue engineering, 13 (2007) 2249-2257.
[29] K. Wang, M. Xu, M. Zhu, H. Su, H. Wang, D. Kong, L. Wang, Creation of macropores in electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds using sacrificial PEO‐microparticles to enhance cellular infiltration, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 101 (2013) 3474-3481.
[30] J. Jiang, M.A. Carlson, M.J. Teusink, H. Wang, M.R. MacEwan, J. Xie, Expanding two-dimensional electrospun nanofiber membranes in the third dimension by a modified gas-foaming technique, ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 1 (2015) 991-1001.
[31] M.K. Joshi, H.R. Pant, A.P. Tiwari, C.H. Park, C.S.J.C.E.J. Kim, Multi-layered macroporous three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffold via a novel gas foaming technique, 275 (2015) 79-88.
[32] G. Kim, W. Kim, Highly porous 3D nanofiber scaffold using an electrospinning technique, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 81 (2007) 104-110.
[33] P.I. Gouma, D. Han, Electrospun Bioscaffolds That Mimic the Topology of Extracellular Matrix, Nanomedicine in Cancer, (2017) 185-196.
[34] M. Deng, S.G. Kumbar, L.S. Nair, A.L. Weikel, H.R. Allcock, C.T. Laurencin, Biomimetic Structures: Biological Implications of Dipeptide‐Substituted Polyphosphazene–Polyester Blend Nanofiber Matrices for Load‐Bearing Bone Regeneration, Advanced Functional Materials, 21 (2011) 2641-2651.
[35] I.K. Shim, M.R. Jung, K.H. Kim, Y.J. Seol, Y.J. Park, W.H. Park, S.J. Lee, Novel three‐dimensional scaffolds of poly (L‐lactic acid) microfibers using electrospinning and mechanical expansion: Fabrication and bone regeneration, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 95 (2010) 150-160.
[36] L.H. Leung, S. Fan, H.E. Naguib, Fabrication of 3D electrospun structures from poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide acid)–nano‐hydroxyapatite composites, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 50 (2012) 242-249.
[37] B.L.-P. Lee, H. Jeon, A. Wang, Z. Yan, J. Yu, C. Grigoropoulos, S. Li, Femtosecond laser ablation enhances cell infiltration into three-dimensional electrospun scaffolds, Acta biomaterialia, 8 (2012) 2648-2658.
[38] M.S. Kim, G.H. Kim, Highly porous electrospun 3D polycaprolactone/β-TCP biocomposites for tissue regeneration, Materials Letters, 120 (2014) 246-250.
[39] J.M. Ameer, N. Kasoju, Strategies to Tune Electrospun Scaffold Porosity for Effective Cell Response in Tissue Engineering, Journal of functional biomaterials, 10 (2019) 30.
[40] M.J. McClure, P.S. Wolfe, D.G. Simpson, S.A. Sell, G.L. Bowlin, The use of air-flow impedance to control fiber deposition patterns during electrospinning, Biomaterials, 33 (2012) 771-779.
[41] A. Yin, J. Li, G.L. Bowlin, D. Li, I.A. Rodriguez, J. Wang, T. Wu, H.A. EI-Hamshary, S.S. Al-Deyab, X. Mo, Fabrication of cell penetration enhanced poly (l-lactic acid-co-Ɛ-caprolactone)/silk vascular scaffolds utilizing air-impedance electrospinning, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 120 (2014) 47-54.
[42] X. Zhu, W. Cui, X. Li, Y. Jin, Electrospun fibrous mats with high porosity as potential scaffolds for skin tissue engineering, Biomacromolecules, 9 (2008) 1795-1801.
[43] O.D. Schneider, F. Weber, T.J. Brunner, S. Loher, M. Ehrbar, P.R. Schmidlin, W.J. Stark, In vivo and in vitro evaluation of flexible, cottonwool-like nanocomposites as bone substitute material for complex defects, Acta Biomaterialia, 5 (2009) 1775-1784.
[44] M.F. Leong, M.Z. Rasheed, T.C. Lim, K.S. Chian, In vitro cell infiltration and in vivo cell infiltration and vascularization in a fibrous, highly porous poly (d, l‐lactide) scaffold fabricated by cryogenic electrospinning technique, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and The Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials, 91 (2009) 231-240.
[45] M. Simonet, O.D. Schneider, P. Neuenschwander, W.J. Stark, Ultraporous 3D polymer meshes by low‐temperature electrospinning: use of ice crystals as a removable void template, Polymer Engineering & Science, 47 (2007) 2020-2026.
[46] T.G. Kim, H.J. Chung, T.G. Park, Macroporous and nanofibrous hyaluronic acid/collagen hybrid scaffold fabricated by concurrent electrospinning and deposition/leaching of salt particles, Acta biomaterialia, 4 (2008) 1611-1619.
[47] Y. Ji, K. Ghosh, X.Z. Shu, B. Li, J.C. Sokolov, G.D. Prestwich, R.A. Clark, M.H. Rafailovich, Electrospun three-dimensional hyaluronic acid nanofibrous scaffolds, Biomaterials, 27 (2006) 3782-3792.
[48] B. Subia, J. Kundu, S. Kundu, Biomaterial scaffold fabrication techniques for potential tissue engineering applications, Tissue engineering, 141 (2010) 145.
[49] J.M. Deitzel, J. Kleinmeyer, D. Harris, N.B. Tan, The effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun nanofibers and textiles, Polymer, 42 (2001) 261-272.
[50] S. Thandavamoorthy, N. Gopinath, S. Ramkumar, Self‐assembled honeycomb polyurethane nanofibers, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 101 (2006) 3121-3124.
[51] G. Yan, J. Yu, Y. Qiu, X. Yi, J. Lu, X. Zhou, X. Bai, Self-assembly of electrospun polymer nanofibers: A general phenomenon generating honeycomb-patterned nanofibrous structures, Langmuir, 27 (2011) 4285-4289.
[52] M.M. Li, Y.Z. Long, Fabrication of self-assembled three-dimensional fibrous stackings by electrospinning, Materials Science Forum, 688 (2011) 95-101.
[53] B. Sun, Y.-Z. Long, F. Yu, M.-M. Li, H.-D. Zhang, W.-J. Li, T.-X. Xu, Self-assembly of a three-dimensional fibrous polymer sponge by electrospinning, Nanoscale, 4 (2012) 2134-2137.
[54] S.R. Motamedian, S. Hosseinpour, M.G. Ahsaie, A. Khojasteh, Smart scaffolds in bone tissue engineering: A systematic review of literature, World journal of stem cells, 7 (2015) 657-668.
[55] W. Lin, M. Chen, T. Qu, J. Li, Y. Man, Three‐dimensional electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, (2019) 1-11.
[56] G. Viswanathan, S. Murugesan, V. Pushparaj, O. Nalamasu, P.M. Ajayan, R.J. Linhardt, Preparation of biopolymer fibers by electrospinning from room temperature ionic liquids, Biomacromolecules, 7 (2006) 415-418.
[57] C.S. Ki, J.W. Kim, J.H. Hyun, K.H. Lee, M. Hattori, D.K. Rah, Y.H. Park, Electrospun three‐dimensional silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffold, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 106 (2007) 3922-3928.
[58] C.S. Ki, S.Y. Park, H.J. Kim, H.-M. Jung, K.M. Woo, J.W. Lee, Y.H. Park, Development of 3-D nanofibrous fibroin scaffold with high porosity by electrospinning: implications for bone regeneration, Biotechnology letters, 30 (2008) 405-410.
[59] Y. Yokoyama, S. Hattori, C. Yoshikawa, Y. Yasuda, H. Koyama, T. Takato, H. Kobayashi, Novel wet electrospinning system for fabrication of spongiform nanofiber 3-dimensional fabric, Materials letters, 63 (2009) 754-756.
[60] Y.Y. H. Kobayashi, T. Takato, H. Koyama, S. Ichioka, , Spongiform Structured Materials and its Manufacturing Methods, Japanese patent, 2007-103201.
[61] J. Fang, H. Wang, H. Niu, T. Lin, X. Wang, Evolution of fiber morphology during electrospinning, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 118 (2010) 2553-2561.
[62] E. Bafekrpour, M. Parhizkar, J. Fang, X. Wang, T. Lin, A novel method to investigate the polystyrene nanofiber formation during electrospinning process, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Applications, 1 (2013) 1-7.
[63] J.M. Coburn, M. Gibson, S. Monagle, Z. Patterson, J.H. Elisseeff, Bioinspired nanofibers support chondrogenesis for articular cartilage repair, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 (2012) 10012-10017.
[64] L. Kong, G.R. Ziegler, Rheological aspects in fabricating pullulan fibers by electro-wet-spinning, Food Hydrocolloids, 38 (2014) 220-226.
[65] M.N. Nosar, M. Salehi, S. Ghorbani, S.P. Beiranvand, A. Goodarzi, M. Azami, Characterization of wet-electrospun cellulose acetate based 3-dimensional scaffolds for skin tissue engineering applications: influence of cellulose acetate concentration, Cellulose, 23 (2016) 3239-3248.
[66] D. Atila, D. Keskin, A. Tezcaner, Cellulose acetate based 3-dimensional electrospun scaffolds for skin tissue engineering applications, Carbohydrate Polymers, 133 (2015) 251-261.
[67] L. Kong, G.R. Ziegler, Fabrication of pure starch fibers by electrospinning, Food Hydrocolloids, 36 (2014) 20-25.
[68] H. Wang, L. Kong, G.R. Ziegler, Aligned wet-electrospun starch fiber mats, Food Hydrocolloids, 90 (2019) 113-117.
[69] H. Kobayashi, D. Terada, Y. Yokoyama, D.W. Moon, Y. Yasuda, H. Koyama, T. Takato, Vascular-inducing poly (glycolic acid)-collagen nanocomposite-fiber scaffold, Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 9 (2013) 1318-1326.
[70] N. Sekiya, S. Ichioka, D. Terada, S. Tsuchiya, H. Kobayashi, Efficacy of a poly glycolic acid (PGA)/collagen composite nanofibre scaffold on cell migration and neovascularisation in vivo skin defect model, Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 47 (2013) 498-502.
[71] H. Ding, J. Zhong, F. Xu, F. Song, M. Yin, Y. Wu, Q. Hu, J. Wang, Establishment of 3D culture and induction of osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblasts using wet-collected aligned scaffolds, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 71 (2017) 222-230.
[72] Z. Hadisi, J. Nourmohammadi, N. Haghighipour, S. Heidari, How direct electrospinning in methanol bath affects the physico-chemical and biological properties of silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffolds, Micro & Nano Letters, 11 (2016) 514-517.
[73] Y. Kawahara, S. Okamura, T. Yoshioka, Structure of regenerated nonwoven silk fibroin nanofiber fabric produced by wet electrospinning, The Journal of Silk Science and Technology of Japan, 26 (2018) 47-51.
[74] Y. Kishimoto, T. Kobashi, H. Morikawa, Y. Tamada, Production of three-dimensional silk fibroin nanofiber non-woven fabric by wet electrospinning, The Journal of Silk Science and Technology of Japan, 25 (2017) 49-57.
[75] H. Chen, Y. Peng, S. Wu, L.P. Tan, Electrospun 3D fibrous scaffolds for chronic wound repair, Materials, 9 (2016) 272.
[76] J.H. Brown, P. Das, M.D. DiVito, D. Ivancic, L.P. Tan, J.A. Wertheim, Nanofibrous PLGA electrospun scaffolds modified with type I collagen influence hepatocyte function and support viability in vitro, Acta Biomaterialia, 73 (2018) 217-227.
[77] M. Salehi, F. Bastami, Characterization of Wet-electrospun Poly (ε-caprolactone)/Poly (L-lactic) Acid with Calcium Phosphates Coated with Chitosan for Bone Engineering, Regeneration, Reconstruction & Restoration, 1 (2016) 69-74.
[78] M. Salehi, M. Naseri-Nosar, S. Ghorbani, S. Farzamfar, M. Azami, Wet-electrospun PCL/PLLA Blend Scaffolds: Effects of Versatile Coagulation Baths on Physicochemical and Biological Properties of the Scaffolds, Regeneration, Reconstruction & Restoration, 2 (2017) 1-7.
[79] M. Naseri-Nosar, M. Salehi, S. Hojjati-Emami, Cellulose acetate/poly lactic acid coaxial wet-electrospun scaffold containing citalopram-loaded gelatin nanocarriers for neural tissue engineering applications, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 103 (2017) 701-708.
[80] S. Ghorbani, H. Eyni, T. Tiraihi, L.S. Asl, M. Soleimani, A. Atashi, S.P. Beiranvand, M.E. Warkiani, Combined effects of 3D bone marrow stem cell-seeded wet-electrospun poly lactic acid scaffolds on full-thickness skin wound healing, International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials, (2017) 1-7.
[81] X. Jing, H. Li, H.-Y. Mi, Y.-J. Liu, Y.-M. Tan, Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Fluffy Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering via Electrospinning and CO2 Escaping Foaming, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 58 (2019) 9412-9421.
[82] W.R.N. Udangawa, C.F. Willard, C. Mancinelli, C. Chapman, R.J. Linhardt, T.J. Simmons, Coconut oil-cellulose beaded microfibers by coaxial electrospinning: An eco-model system to study thermoregulation of confined phase change materials, Cellulose, 26 (2018) 1-14.
[83] S. Zhu, H. Yu, Y. Chen, M. Zhu, Study on the morphologies and formational mechanism of poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) ultrafine fibers by dry-jet-wet-electrospinning, Journal of Nanomaterials, 25 (2012) 1-8.
[84] A.M. Díez-Pascual, A.L. Díez-Vicente, Electrospun fibers of chitosan-grafted polycaprolactone/poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) blends, Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 4 (2016) 600-612.
[85] T.J. Shin, S.Y. Park, H.J. Kim, H.J. Lee, J.H. Youk, Development of 3-D poly (trimethylenecarbonate-co-ε-caprolactone)-block-poly (p-dioxanone) scaffold for bone regeneration with high porosity using a wet electrospinning method, Biotechnology Letters, 32 (2010) 877-882.
[86] E. Çatıker, E. Konuk, T. Gültan, M. Gümüşderelioğlu, Enhancement of scaffolding properties for poly (3-hydroxybutyrate): blending with poly-β-alanine and wet electrospinning, International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials, 68 (2018) 1-11.
[87] A. Sonseca, R. Sahay, K. Stepien, J. Bukala, A. Wcislek, A. McClain, P. Sobolewski, X. Sui, J.E. Puskas, J. Kohn, Architectured helically coiled scaffolds from elastomeric poly (butylene succinate)(PBS) copolyester via wet electrospinning, (2018) 1-23.
[88] A. Sonseca, R. Sahay, K. Stepien, A. Wcislek, A. McClain, P. Sobolewski, X. Sui, J.E. Puskas, H.D. Wagner, J. Kohnȥ, Wet electrospinning of poly (butylene succinate)(PBS) copolyester into helically coiled 3D structures, (2018) 1-25.
[89] E. Shamirzaei Jeshvaghani, L. Ghasemi‐Mobarakeh, R. Mansurnezhad, F. Ajalloueian, M. Kharaziha, M. Dinari, M. Sami Jokandan, I.S. Chronakis, Fabrication, characterization, and biocompatibility assessment of a novel elastomeric nanofibrous scaffold: A potential scaffold for soft tissue engineering, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 106 (2018) 2371-2383.
[90] J. Coburn, M. Gibson, P.A. Bandalini, C. Laird, H.-Q. Mao, L. Moroni, D. Seliktar, J. Elisseeff, Biomimetics of the extracellular matrix: an integrated three-dimensional fiber-hydrogel composite for cartilage tissue engineering, Smart Structures and Systems, 7 (2011) 213-222.
[91] J. Wang, P. Zhou, A. Obata, J.R. Jones, T. Kasuga, Preparation of Cotton-Wool-Like Poly (lactic acid)-Based Composites Consisting of Core-Shell-Type Fibers, Materials, 8 (2015) 7979-7987.
[92] T. Kasuga, A. Obata, H. Maeda, Y. Ota, X. Yao, K. Oribe, Siloxane-poly (lactic acid)-vaterite composites with 3D cotton-like structure, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 23 (2012) 2349-2357.
[93] H. Eyni, S. Ghorbani, R. Shirazi, L. Salari Asl, S. P Beiranvand, M. Soleimani, Three-dimensional wet-electrospun poly (lactic acid)/multi-wall carbon nanotubes scaffold induces differentiation of human menstrual blood-derived stem cells into germ-like cells, Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 32 (2017) 373-383.
[94] B. Holmes, N.J. Castro, J. Li, M. Keidar, L.G. Zhang, Enhanced human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell functions in novel 3D cartilage scaffolds with hydrogen treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Nanotechnology, 24 (2013) 1-10.
[95] S. Ghorbani, T. Tiraihi, M. Soleimani, Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells using composite 3D scaffold combined with valproic acid induction, Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 32 (2018) 702-715.
[96] O. Colpankan Gunes, I. Unalan, B. Cecen, A. Ziylan Albayrak, H. Havitcioglu, O. Ustun, B.U. Ergur, Three-dimensional silk impregnated HAp/PHBV nanofibrous scaffolds for bone regeneration, International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials, 68 (2018) 1-12.
[97] A. Kara, O.C. Gunes, A.Z. Albayrak, G. Bilici, G. Erbil, H. Havitcioglu, Fish scale/poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) nanofibrous composite scaffolds for bone regeneration, Journal of Biomaterials Applications, (2020) 1-15.
[98] A. Arslan, S. Çakmak, M. Gümüşderelioğlu, Enhanced osteogenic activity with boron-doped nanohydroxyapatite-loaded poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) fibrous 3D matrix, Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 46 (2018) 1-10.
[99] S.Y. Yang, T.H. Hwang, L. Che, J.S. Oh, Y. Ha, W. Ryu, Membrane-reinforced three-dimensional electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Biomedical Materials, 10 (2015) 035011.
[100] J. Luo, H. Zhang, X. Cui, J. Gao, X. Wang, J. Xiong, 3-D Mineralized Silk Fibroin/Polycaprolactone Composite Scaffold Modified with Polyglutamate Conjugated with BMP-2 Peptide for Bone Tissue Engineering, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 163 (2017) 369-378.
[101] V.Y. Chakrapani, T.S. Kumar, D.K. Raj, T. Kumary, Electrospun 3D composite scaffolds for craniofacial critical size defects, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 28 (2017) 1-10.
[102] O. Akturk, K. Kismet, A.C. Yasti, S. Kuru, M.E. Duymus, F. Kaya, M. Caydere, S. Hucumenoglu, D. Keskin, Wet electrospun silk fibroin/gold nanoparticle 3D matrices for wound healing applications, RSC Advances, 6 (2016) 13234-13250.
[103] A.D. Dalgic, A.Z. Alshemary, A. Tezcaner, D. Keskin, Z. Evis, Silicate-doped nano-hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide composite reinforced fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Journal of Biomaterials Applications, 32 (2018) 1392-1405.
[104] A.D. Dalgic, D. Atila, A. Karatas, A. Tezcaner, D.J.M.S. Keskin, E. C, Diatom shell incorporated PHBV/PCL-pullulan co-electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 100 (2019) 735-746.
[105] Z. Hadisi, J. Nourmohammadi, J. Mohammadi, Composite of porous starch-silk fibroin nanofiber-calcium phosphate for bone regeneration, Ceramics International, 41 (2015) 10745-10754.
[106] Y. Zheng, J. Miao, N. Maeda, D. Frey, R.J. Linhardt, T.J. Simmons, Uniform nanoparticle coating of cellulose fibers during wet electrospinning, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2 (2014) 15029-15034.
[107] L. Hou, W.R.N. Udangawa, A. Pochiraju, W. Dong, Y. Zheng, R.J. Linhardt, T.J. Simmons, Synthesis of Heparin-Immobilized, Magnetically Addressable Cellulose Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications, ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 2 (2016) 1905-1913.
[108] M. Zhang, H. Lin, Y. Wang, G. Yang, H. Zhao, D. Sun, Fabrication and durable antibacterial properties of 3D porous wet electrospun RCSC/PCL nanofibrous scaffold with silver nanoparticles, Applied Surface Science, 414 (2017) 52-62.
[109] S. Farzamfar, M. Naseri-Nosar, A. Vaez, F. Esmaeilpour, A. Ehterami, H. Sahrapeyma, H. Samadian, A.-A. Hamidieh, S. Ghorbani, A. Goodarzi, Neural tissue regeneration by a gabapentin-loaded cellulose acetate/gelatin wet-electrospun scaffold, Cellulose, 25 (2018) 1229-1238.
[110] M. Naseri-Nosar, S. Farzamfar, M. Salehi, A. Vaez, R. Tajerian, M. Azami, Erythropoietin/aloe vera-releasing wet-electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan sponge-like wound dressing: In vitro and in vivo studies, Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 33 (2018) 269-281.
[111] M.B. Taskin, R. Xu, H. Gregersen, J.V. Nygaard, F. Besenbacher, M. Chen, Three-Dimensional Polydopamine Functionalized Coiled Microfibrous Scaffolds Enhance Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Colonization and Mild Myofibroblastic Differentiation, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8 (2016) 15864-15873.
[112] Y. Chen, M.B.B. Taskin, Z. Zhang, Y. Su, X. Han, M. Chen, Bioadhesive Anisotropic Nanogrooved Microfibers Directing Three-dimensional Neurite Extension, Biomaterials Science, 7 (2019) 2165-2173.
[113] R.N. Udangawa, P.E. Mikael, C. Mancinelli, C. Chapman, C.F. Willard, T.J. Simmons, R.J. Linhardt, Novel Cellulose–Halloysite Hemostatic Nanocomposite Fibers with a Dramatic Reduction in Human Plasma Coagulation Time, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 11 (2019) 15447-15456.
[114] P. Das, M.D. DiVito, J.A. Wertheim, L.P. Tan, Collagen-I and fibronectin modified three-dimensional electrospun PLGA scaffolds for long-term in vitro maintenance of functional hepatocytes, Materials Science and Engineering: C, (2020) 110723.
[115] S.S. Majidi, P. Slemming-Adamsen, M. Hanif, Z. Zhang, Z. Wang, M. Chen, Wet electrospun alginate/gelatin hydrogel nanofibers for 3D cell culture, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 118 (2018) 1648-1654.
[116] E. Kostakova, M. Seps, P. Pokorny, D. Lukas, Study of polycaprolactone wet electrospinning process, Express Polymer Letters, 8 (2014) 554-564.
[117] H. Wang, G.R. Ziegler, Electrospun nanofiber mats from aqueous starch-pullulan dispersions: Optimizing dispersion properties for electrospinning, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 133 (2019) 1168-1174.
[118] W. Yang, F. Yang, Y. Wang, S.K. Both, J.A. Jansen, In vivo bone generation via the endochondral pathway on three-dimensional electrospun fibers, Acta Biomaterialia, 9 (2013) 4505-4512.
[119] X. Cai, F. Yang, X. Yan, W. Yang, N. Yu, D.A. Oortgiesen, Y. Wang, J.A. Jansen, X.F. Walboomers, Influence of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells pre‐implantation differentiation approach on periodontal regeneration in vivo, Journal of clinical periodontology, 42 (2015) 380-389.
[120] H. Tang, J.F. Husch, Y. Zhang, J.A. Jansen, F. Yang, J.J.J.J.o.t.e. van den Beucken, r. medicine, Co‐culture with monocytes/macrophages modulates osteogenic differentiation of adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells on PLGA/PCL scaffolds, Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 13 (2019) 785-798.
[121] D. Atila, D. Keskin, A. Tezcaner, Crosslinked pullulan/cellulose acetate fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Materials Science and Engineering C, 69 (2016) 1103-1115.
[122] X. Jing, H. Li, H.-Y. Mi, Y.-J. Liu, Y.-M. Tan, Fabrication of fluffy shish-kebab structured nanofibers by electrospinning, CO2 escaping foaming and controlled crystallization for biomimetic tissue engineering scaffolds, Chemical Engineering Journal, 372 (2019) 785-795.
[123] X. Cai, S. ten Hoopen, W. Zhang, C. Yi, W. Yang, F. Yang, J.A. Jansen, X. Frank Walboomers, P.C. Yelick, Influence of highly porous electrospun PLGA/PCL/nHA fibrous scaffolds on the differentiation of tooth bud cells in vitro, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, (2017).
[124] S. Hong, G.J.A.P.A. Kim, Fabrication of size-controlled three-dimensional structures consisting of electrohydrodynamically produced polycaprolactone micro/nanofibers, 103 (2011) 1009-1014.
[125] M.S. Kim, G. Kim, Three-dimensional electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL)/alginate hybrid composite scaffolds, Carbohydrate Polymers, 114 (2014) 213-221.
[126] M. Kim, G.H. Kim, Electrohydrodynamic direct printing of PCL/collagen fibrous scaffolds with a core/shell structure for tissue engineering applications, Chemical Engineering Journal, 279 (2015) 317-326.
[127] M. Kim, H.-s. Yun, G.H. Kim, Electric-field assisted 3D-fibrous bioceramic-based scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration: Fabrication, characterization, and in vitro cellular activities, Scientific Reports, 7 (2017) 1-13.
[128] M.S. Kim, G. Kim, Electrohydrodynamic jet process for pore-structure-controlled 3D fibrous architecture as a tissue regenerative material: fabrication and cellular activities, Langmuir, 30 (2014) 8551-8557.
[129] J. Heo, H. Nam, D. Hwang, S.J. Cho, S.-Y. Jung, D.-W. Cho, J.-H. Shim, G. Lim, Enhanced cellular distribution and infiltration in a wet electrospun three-dimensional fibrous scaffold using eccentric rotation-based hydrodynamic conditions, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 226 (2016) 357-363.
[130] H. Cao, K. Mchugh, S.Y. Chew, J.M. Anderson, The topographical effect of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds on the in vivo and in vitro foreign body reaction, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 93 (2010) 1151-1159.
[131] R.S. Tığlı, N.M. Kazaroğlu, B. Maviş, M. Gümüşderelioğlu, Cellular behavior on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-immobilized PCL/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds, Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 22 (2011) 207-223.
[132] G.H. Kim, H. Han, J.H. Park, W.D. Kim, An applicable electrospinning process for fabricating a mechanically improved nanofiber mat, Polymer Engineering & Science, 47 (2007) 707-712.
[133] Anonim, Ethanol Surface Tension Calculator, http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/DIPPR106SFTCalculation/DIPPR106SFTCalculationCGI.exe, (Erişim tarihi: 13 Ağustos 2019).
[134] O. Karatay, M. Dogan, T. Uyar, D. Cokeliler, I.C. Kocum, An alternative electrospinning approach with varying electric field for 2-D-aligned nanofibers, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, 13 (2014) 101-108.
