Abstract
Bolkvadze, Levan. A Study on Competitive and Internationalization Strategies of Turkish Construction Companies Operating Internationally. Master's thesis, Ankara, 2017.
Technological developments and other rapid changes in the business environment made competition more intense and only the firms having competitive advantage can survive under these conditions. The competition in domestic markets has become one of the main motives for expanding the operations to other countries and markets. Thereby understanding how companies differentiate themselves from their competitors, why and how they expand their operations in international markets has become important issue nowadays. The main objective of this research is to study the competitive and internationalization strategies of Turkish international construction companies in domestic and international markets.
Considering the aims of the study, purposive sampling was used such that only the companies having operations outside of Turkey were included in the study. Data were gathered from 10 international contractors through in-depth interviews. The interview questions were prepared in line with the literature about competitive and internationalization strategies Data were analyzed using descriptive and content analyses techniques.
Results demonstrated that six of the participant companies follow the differentiation strategy, one of them follows cost leadership strategy, one of them follows cost leadership and differentiation strategies at once and one company follows the focus strategy to differentiate themselves from their competitors in domestic markets. In international markets, however, four of ten companies use differentiation strategy, another four of them uses both differentiation and cost leadership strategies and remaining two companies use all of the competitive strategies (i.e., differentiation, cost leadership and focus strategies) at a time. It is noteworthy to mention that majority of the investigated companies prefer a joint-venture mode for operating on abroad country markets. Looking at the results of this study, contractors are suggested to make use of cost leadership strategy more and follow it through backward integration.
Key words: construction sector, competitive strategy, internationalization strategy, entry modes
xmlui.mirage2.itemSummaryView.Collections
xmlui.dri2xhtml.METS-1.0.item-citation
Abdul-Aziz, A.r., Wong, S.S. and Awil, A.U. (2008). Formulating a Holistic Model to Describe International Diversification of Construction Companies. Building Abroad – procurement of construction and reconstruction projects in the international context. Montreal,10-2008, pp.53-64.
Abrahamson, E. and Fombrun, C. (1994). Macrocultures: determinants and consequences. Academy of Management Review, 19(4): 728-755.
Acs, Z., Dana, L-P. and Jones, M. (2003). Toward new horizons: The internationalization of entrepreneurship. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1: 5-12.
Agarwal, S. and Ramaswami, S. N. (1992). Choice of foreign market entry mode: impact of ownership, location and internationalization factors. Journal of International Business studies, 23(1): 1-28.
Agarwal, S. and Ramaswami, S. N. (1992). Choice of foreign market entry mode: impact of ownership, location and internationalization factors. Journal of International Business studies, 23(1): 1-28.Root (1987),
Aldrich, H. and Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In D.L. Sexton & R.W. Smilor (eds.), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 3-23.
Altheide, D. and Johnson, J. (1994). Criteria for assessing interpretive validity in qualitative research. Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 485-499.Denzin & Lincoln, 1994.
Alvarez, S.A. and Barney, J.B. (2001). How entrepreneurial firms can benefit from alliances with large partners. Academy of Management Executive, 15: 139-148.
Andersen, O. (1993). On the internationalization process of firms: A critical analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 24: 209-231.
Andersen, O. (1997). Internationalization and Market Entry Mode: A Review of Theories and Conceptual Frameworks. MIR: Management International Review. Vol. 37, Internationalization Processes – New Perspectives for a Classical Field of International Management (1997), pp. 27-42
Andersson, U., Forsgren, M., and Holm, U. (2002). The strategic impact of external networks: Subsidiary performance and competence development in the multinational corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 23(11): 979.
Aspelund, A. and Moen, Ø. (2001). A generation perspective on small firms’ internationalization from traditional exporters and flexible specialists to born globals. In C.N. Axinn & P. Matthyssens (eds.), Reassessing the Internationalization of the Firm, (Advances in International Marketing, 11), 197-225, Amsterdam: JAI/Elseview Inc.
Autio, E. & Sapienza, H.J. (2000). Comparing process and born global perspectives in the international growth of technology-based new firms. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, Babson College, 413-424.
Autio, E., Sapienza, H.J., & Almeida, J.G. (2000). Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 909-924.
Axelsson, B. & Easton, G. (Eds.) (1992) Industrial Networks: A New View of Reality, London: Routledge. Baker, T., Gedajlovic, E. & Lubatkin, M. (2003). The Global Entrepreneurship Mosaic: A Framework for Fitting the Piece Together. Unpublished Manuscript.
Badger, W.W. and Muligan, D.E. (1995). Rationale and Banafits Associated With International alliances. Journal of Construction Engeneering and Management, 121(1), 100-111
Bain, J.S. (1956), Barriers to New Competition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Barkema, H.G. & Vermeulen, F. (1998). International expansion through start-up or acquisition: A learning perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 41: 7-26.
Barney, J.B. (1986), “Strategic factor markets: expectations, luck, and business strategy”,Management Science, Vol. 32 No. 10, pp. 1231-41.
Barney, J.B. (1991), “Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage”, Journal of Management, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 99-120.
Barney, J.B. (2001), Is the resource-based view a useful perspective for strategic management research? Yes, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 26, pp. 41-56.
Barney, J.B., Wright, M. and Ketchen, D.J. (2001), The resource-based view of the firm: ten years after 1991, Journal of Management, Vol. 27, pp. 625-41.
Bartlett, C. A. (1986). Building and managing the transnational: The new organizational challenge. In M. E. Porter (Ed.), Competition in Global Industries. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Beamish, P. W., and Banks, J. C. (1987). Equity joint ventures and the theory of the multinational enterprise. Journal of International Business studies, 18(2): 1-16.
Beamish, P. W., Delios, A., and Makino, S. (2001). Japanese Subsidiaries in the New Global Economy: Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, USA.
Beard, D.W. and Dess, G.G. (1981). Corporate-Level Strategy, Business-Level Strategy, and Firm Performance. The Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 24, No. 4 (Dec., 1981), pp. 663-688.
Bell, J. (1995). The internationalisation of small computer software firms—A further challenge to “stage” theories. European Journal of Marketing, 29 (8): 60-75.
Bell, J. and McNaughton, R. (2000). Born global firms: A challenge to public policy in support of internationalization. In J. Pels & D.W. Stewart (eds.) Marketing in a Global Economy, conference proceedings in CD-ROM, Buenos Aires, Argentina: American Marketing Association, 176-185.
Bilkey, W.J. and Tesar, G. (1977). The export behavior of smaller-sized Wisconsin manufacturing firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 8: 93-98.
Birkinshaw, J. (1997). Entrepreneurship in multinational corporations: The characteristics of subsidiary initiatives. Strategic Management Journal, 18: 207-229.
Blankson, C. and Kalafatis, S.P. (2004), The development and validation of a scale measuring consumer/customer-derived generic typology of positioning strategies, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 20, pp. 5-43.
Bloodgood, J., Sapienza, H. J., and Almeida, J. G. (1996). The internationalization of new highpotential U.S. ventures: Antecedents and outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20: 61-76.
Bonaccorsi, A. (1992). On the relationship between firm size and export intensity. Journal of International Business Studies, 4: 605-635.
Borgatti, S. P., and Foster, P. C. (2003). The network paradigm in organizational research: A review of typology. Journal of Management, 29(6): 991-1013.
Bower, J. L. (1987). When Markets Quake. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Bowman, C. and Faulkner, D.O. (1997). Competitive and Corporate Strategy, Irwin, London.
Boyce, C. and Neale,P. (2006). Conducting In-depth Interviews: A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-Depth Interviews for Evaluation Input. Pathfinder International Tool Serie, Monitoring and Evaluation – 2.
Brass, D. J., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H. R., and Tsai, W. (2004). Taking stock of networks and organizations: A multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 47(6): 795-817.
Bresman, H., Birkinshaw, J. and Nobel, R. (1999). Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies, 30: 439-462.
Britten, N. (1995). Qualitative Interviews in Medical Research. Article in BMJ clinical Research, BMJ 1995;311:251-253.
Brokaw, L. (1990). Foreign affairs. Inc. (Nov.): 92-104.
Brouthers, K. D. (2002). Institutional, Cultural and Transaction Cost Influence on Entry Mode Choice and Performance. Journal of International Business studies, 33(2): 203-221.
Brouthers, K. D., and Brouthers, L. E. (2000). Acquisition Or Greenfield Start-Up? Institutional, Cultural And Transaction Cost Influences. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 89-97.
Bruderl, J., and Schussler, R. (1990). Organizational mortality: The liabilities of newness and adolescence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 530-547.
Brush, C.G. (1992). Factors Motivating Small Companies to Internationalize: The Effect of Firm Age. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Boston University.
Bunch, D., and Smiley, R. (1992). Who deters entry? Evidence on the use of strategic entry deterents. Review of Economics and Statistics, 74: 509-521.
Burgel, O. and Murray, G.C. (2000). The international market entry choices of start-up companies in high-technology industries. Journal of International Marketing, 8: 33-62.
Busenitz, L.W., Gomez, C. and Spencer, J.W. ( 2000). Country institutional profiles: Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (5): 994-1003.
Buzzell, R.D. and Gale, B.T. (1987), The PIMS Principles, Free Press, New York, NY.
Buzzell, R.D. and Wiersema, F.D. (1981), Successful share building strategies, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 59 No. 1, pp. 135-44.
Camerer, C. and Vepsalainen, A. (1988), The economic efficiency of corporate culture, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 115-26.
Carroll, G. R., and Hannan, M. T. (1989). Density delay in the evolution of organizational population: a model and five empirical tests. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34: 411-430.
Çavuşgil, T., Knight, G. and Reisenberger, J. (2008). International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities. Pearson
Chandler, A. D. (1986). The evolution of modern global competition. In M. E. Porter (ed.), Competition in Global Industries, 405-448, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Chandler, A.D. (1962). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the american Industrial Enterprise. Beard Books. Washington, D.C.
Chang, S. J. and Rosenzweig, P. M. (2001). The choice of entry mode in sequential foreign direct investment. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 747-776.
Chen, C. (2005). Entry Strategies for International Construction Markets. The Pennsylvania State University, The Graduate School, Department of Architectural Engineering. Doctor of Philosophy Research.
Chen, C. and Messner, J. (2005). Taxonomy for International Construction Market Entry Mode Selection. Journal of Management in Engineering 25(1).
Chen, C. and Messner, J. (2009). Characterizing entry modes for international construction markets: Paving the way to a selection model. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. Volume 18, issue 6.
Chen, S. F., and Hennart, J. F. (2002). Japanese investors' choice of joint ventrues versus wholly-owned subsidiaries in the US: the role of market barriers and firm capabilities. Journal of International Business studies, 33(1): 1-18.
Chua D.H.K, Wang Y, and Tan W.T. (2003). Impacts of obstacles in East Asian cross-border construction. Journal of Construction Engineering Manager, 129,2,131–41.
Coleman, J.S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University.
Collis, D. J. and Montgomery, C. A. (2005). Corporate Strategy: A Resource-based Approach. Irwin.
Collis, D.J. (1991), A resource-based analysis of global competition: the case of the bearings industry, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 49-68.
Cooke, P. and Morgan, K. (1993). The network paradigm: New departures in corporate and regional development. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 11: 543-564.
Cooke, P. and Morgan, K. (1994). The regional innovation center in Baden-Wurttemberg. International Journal of Technology Management, 9: 394-429.
Coviello, N.E. and Munro, H.J. (1995). Growing the entrepreneurial firm: Networking for international market development. European Journal of Marketing, 29: 49-61.
Coviello, N.E., and Munro, H.J. (1997). Network relationships and the internationalization process of small software firms. International Business Review, 6: 361-386.
Covin, J.G. and Slevin, D.P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 75-87.
Creswell, J.W. and Miller, D.L. (2000). Determining Validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39 (3), 124-130.
Crick, D. and Jones, M.V. (2000). Small high-technology firms and international high-technology markets. Journal of International Marketing, 8: 63-85.
Daniels, A. C. and Daniels, J. E. (2004). Performance Management: Changing Behavior that Drives Organizational Effectiveness. Performance Management Publications.
Daniels, J.D. and Radebaugh, L.H. (2001). International Business: Environments and Operations. 9th edition. NY: Addison-Wesley.
Das, T.K. and Teng, B.S. (1998). Resource and risk management in the strategic alliance making process. Journal of Management, 24: 21-42.
Davis, P. S., Desai, A. B., and Francis, J. D. (2000). Mode of international entry: An isomorphism perspective. Journal of International Business studies, 31(2): 239-258.
Delios, A., and Beamish, P. W. (1999). Ownership strategy of Japanese firms: transactional, intitutional and experience influences. Strategic Management Journal, 20(10): 915-933.
Delios, A., and Beamish, P. W. (2001). Survival profitability: The roles of experience and intangible assets in foreign subsidiary performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5): 1028-1038.
Denzin, K. and Lincon, Y.S. (2000). Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
Denzin, N.K. (1978). Sociological Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Dess, G.G. and Davis, P.S. (1984), Porter’s generic strategies as determinants of strategic group membership and performance, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 467-88.
Dess, Gregory, G.Lumpkin, G. T. Eisner, Alan B. (2014). Strategic management : text and cases. New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education.
Devaraj, S., Hollingworth, D.G. and Schroeder, R.G. (2001), Generic manufacturing strategies: an empirical test of two configurational typologies, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 19, pp. 427-52.
Drucker, J. (2003), How to dump your cellphone company, Wall Street Journal, 18 November, pp. D1, D4.
Duanmu, J.-L. (2011). The effect of corruption distance and market orientation on the ownership choice of MNEs: Evidence from China. Journal of International Management, 17(2): 162-174.
Dubini, P. & Aldrich, H. (1991). Personal and extended networks are central to the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 6: 305-313.
Dunning, J.H. (2000). The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and business theories of MNE activity. International Business Review 9 (2000) 163–190.
Dutta, S., Narasimhan, O. and Rajiv, S. (2005), Conceptualizing and measuring capabilities: methodology and empirical application, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 26, pp. 277-85.
Erramilli, M.K. (1991). The experience factor in foreign market entry behavior of service firms. Journal of International Busines Studies, 22: 479-501.
Faulkner, D. and Bowman, C. (1992). Generic strategies and congruent organizational structures: some suggestions, European Management Journal, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 494-9.
Feigenbaum, A., McGee, J. and Thomas, H. (1988). Exploring the linkage between strategic groups and competitive strategy, International Studies of Management & Organization,Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 6-25.
Fishman, C. (2003), The Wal-Mart you don’t know, Fast Company, Vol. 77, p. 68.
Forsgren, M. (1989). Foreign acquisitions: Internationalization or network dependency. In S.T. Cavusgil (ed.), Advances in International Marketing, Greenwich: JAI Press, 3: 121-139.
Foss, N.J. and Knudsen, T. (2003), The resource-based tangle: towards a sustainable explanation of competitive advantage, Managerial & Decision Economics, Vol. 24, pp. 291-307.
Freeman, J. H., Carroll, G. R., & Hannan, M. T. (1983). The liability of newness: age dependence in organizational death rates. American Sociology Review, 48: 692-710.
Gabriel, R.G. (2014). Technological Knowledge Intensity and Entry Mode Diversity. Management International Review 50:6, 659-681.
Gartner, W.B. (1988). Who is the entrepreneurs? Is the wrong question. American Journal of Small Business, 12: 11-32.
Geringer, J.M. (1991). Strategic determinants of partner selection criteria in international 111 joint ventures. Journal of International Business, 22, 1: 41-62.
Geringer, M. and Hebert, L. (1991). Measuring Performance of International Joint Ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 1991, vol.22, issue 2, pages 249-263.
Ghoshal, S. and Bartlett, C. A, (1997). The Individualized Corporation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
Ghoshal, S. and Bartlett, C. A. (1990). The multinational corporation as an interorganizational network. Academy of Management Review, 15(4): 603-625.
Ghoshal, S. and Bartlett, C.A. (1991). The multinational corporation as an interorganization network. Academy of Management Review, 15: 603-625.
Giamartino, G.A., McDougall, P.P., and Bird, B.J. (1993). International entrepreneurship: The state of the field. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18: 37-41.
Gnyawali, D. R., and Madhavan, R. (2001). Cooperative networks and competitive dynamics: A structural embeddedness perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(3): 431-445.
Gökmen, A. and Temiz, D. (2013). Construction Business as a means to Internationalize and Develop: A Critical Analysis of the Turkish Construction Sector & Reflections on the Economy. Çankaya University, Department of International Trade.
Gökmen, A. and Temiz, D. (2014). FDI inflow as an international business operation by MNCs and economic growth: An empirical study on Turkey. International Business Review, 2014, vol. 23, issue 1, pages 145-154
Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. The Qualitative Report. 8 (4). 597-607.
Gonzalez-Loureiro, M., Dabic, M. and Furrer, O. (2015). "A content and comparative analysis of strategic management research in the Baltic area: a research agenda for qualitative studies", Baltic Journal of Management, 10 (2) pp.
Granovetter, M. S. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91: 481-510.
Grant, R.M. (1991), The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation, California Management Review, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 114-35.
Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Gulati, R. (1995). Social structure and alliance formation patterns: A longitudinal analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40: 619-52.
Gunhan, S. and Arditi, D. (2005). Factors Affecting International Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and management, 131, 273.
Gupta, U., (1989). Small firms aren't waiting to grow up to go global. The Wall Street Journal. December 5: B2.
Hall, W.K. (1983), Survival strategies in a hostile environment, in Hammermesh, R.G. (Ed.), Strategic Management, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
Hambrick, D.C. (1981), Strategic awareness within top management teams, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 263-79.
Hambrick, D.C. (1982), Environmental scanning and organizational strategy, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 159-74.
Hambrick, D.C. (1983), Some tests of the effectiveness and functional attributes of Miles and Snow’s strategic types, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 5-26.
Han, S.H. and Diekmann, J.E. (2001). Approaches for making risk-based go/no-go decision for international projects. Journal of Construction Engineering Management, 127(4), 300–308.
Hannan, M. T. and Carroll, G. R. (1992). Dynamics of Organizational Population: Density, Competition,, and Legitimation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hannan, M. T. and Freeman, J. H. (1989). Organizational Ecology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hara, G. and Kanai, T. (1994). Entrepreneurial networks across oceans to promote international strategic alliances for small business. Journal of Business Venturing, 9: 489-507.
Harzing, A. W. (2002). Acquisitions versus greenfield investments: international strategy and management of entry modes. Strategic Management Journal, 23: 211-227.
Hatch, N.W. and Dyer, J.H. (2004). Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 25, pp. 1155-78.
Hatten, K.J. and Schendel, D.E. (1977). Heterogeneity within an industry: firm conduct in the US brewing industry (1952-1971), Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 97-112.
Hatten, K.J., Schendel, D.E. and Cooper, A.C. (1978), A strategic model of the US brewing industry: 1952-1971, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 592-610.
Hawes, J.M. and Crittendon, W.F. (1984), A taxonomy of competitive retailing strategies, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 275-87.
Hedlund, G. & Kverneland A. (1985). Are strategies for foreign markets changing? The case of Swedish investment in Japan. International Studies of Management and Organization, 15(2) 41-59.
Hergert, M.L. (1983). The incidence and implications of strategic groupings in US manufacturing industries, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Hill, C.W.L. (1988). Differentiation versus low cost or differentiation and low cost? A contingency framework, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 401-12.
Hillebrandt, P.M., Cannon, J., L. and ansley, P. (1995). The Consfruciion Fimi In and Out of Recession. Macmillan, Basingstoke
Hitt, M.A. and Ireland. R.D. (2000). The intersection of entrepreneurship and strategic management research. In D.L. Sexton and H. Landstrom, (eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Entrepreneurship, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 45-63.
Hitt, R.D. and Ireland, R.E. Hoskisson. (2007). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization ; [concepts]. Thomson South-Western.
Ho, Y.W. and Merrilees, B. (2005). A brand orientation typology for SMEs: a case research approach, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 14, pp. 155-62.
Hofer, C.W. and Schendel, D. (1978). Strategy Formulation: Analitical Concepts. St.Paul, MN: West, 1978.
Huber, G.P. (1991). Organizational learning: An examination of the contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2: 88-115.
Hunt, M.S. (1972), Competition in the major home appliance industry 1960-1970, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Hymer, S. (1960/1976). The International Operation of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hymer, S.H. (1976). The International Operations of National Firms. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Inkpen, A.C. and Beamish, P.W. (1997). Knowledge bargaining power and the instability of international joint ventures. Academy of Management Review, 22: 177-202.
Johanson, J. & Mattsson, L-G. (1988). Internationalization in industrial systems - a network approach. In N. Hood & J-E. Vahlne (eds). Strategies in Global Competition. New York: Croom Helm, pp303-321.
Johanson, J. & Vahlne, J.-E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitment. Journal of International Business Studies, 4:20-29.
Johanson, J. & Vahlne, J.-E. (2003). Business relationship learning and commitment in the internationalization process. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1: 83-101.
Johanson, J. and Mattsson, L.–G. (1988). Internationalization in industrial systems—A network approach. In N. Hood and J.-E Vahlne, Croom Helm (eds.), Strategies in Global Competition, London, 287-314.
Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.E. (1977). The Internationalization process of the firm – a Model of Knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitements. Journal of internationa business studies (pre-1986); 8, 000001; ProQuest pg.23
Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.-E. (1990). The mechanism of internationalization. International Marketing Review, 7: 11-24.
Johanson, J. and Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1975). The Internationalization of Firm – Four Swedish Cases. The Journal of Management Studies, Octpber. 305-322.
Johnson, D. and Turner, C (2006). European Business. Taylor & Francis, 2006.
Johnson, R. B. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. and Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research; 1; 112.
Jolly, V.K., Alahunta, M., and Jeannet, J.-P. (1992). Challenging the incumbents: How high technology start-ups compete globally. Journal of Strategic Change, 1:71-82.
Kay, J. (1993) Fourzdntions of Corpovate Success: HOZBLu~s imss Strategies add Value.Oxford University Press, Oxford,
Khanna, T., Gulati, R., and Nohria, N. (1998). The dynamics of learning alliances: Competition, cooperation and relative scope. Strategic Management Journal, 19: 193-210.
Kim, E., Nam, D. and Stimpert, J.L. (2004), The applicability of Porter’s generic strategies in the digital age: assumptions, conjectures, and suggestions, Journal of Management, Vol. 30, pp. 569-90.
Kirk, J. and Miller, M.L. (1986). Reliability and Validity in qualitative research. Sage Publications – Newbury park, London.
Knight, G. G. & Cavusgil, S. T. (1996). The born global firm: A challenge to traditional internationalization theory. Advances in International Marketing, 8: 11-26.
Kogut, B. (1983). Foreign direct investment as a sequential process. In C. P. Kindleberger, & D. Andretsch (Eds.), The Multinational Corporation in the 1980s. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kogut, B., and Singh, H. (1991). The Effects Of National Culture On The Choice Of Entry Mode. Journal of International Business studies: 411-432.
Kor, Y.Y. and Mahoney, J.T. (2005), How dynamics, management, and governance of resource deployments influence firm-level performance, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 26, pp. 489-96.
Kostova, T., and Zaheer, S. (1999). Organizational legitamacy under conditions of complexity: the case of the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 24: 64-81.
Kuemmerle, W. (2002). Home base and knowledge management in international ventures, Journal of Business Venturing, 17: 99-122.
Kumura, S. and Mourdoukoutas, P. (2000), Effective integration of management control systems for competing in global industries. European Business Review, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 41-5.
Kvale, S. (1996). Dominance Through Interviews and Dialogues. Qualitative Inquiry 2006; 12; 480.
Lansley, P.R. (1991). Organisational Innovation and development. In: Competitive Advantage in Construction, 5.P. Malc C%R .K. Stocks (cds), pp. 128-138. Buttcrworth Hrinrmann, Oxford
Larimo, J. (2001). Internationalization of SMEs—Two case studies of Finnish born global firms.Paper presented at the CIMaR Annual Conference in Sydney, Australia.
Larson, A. (1992). Network dyads in entrepreneurial settings: A study of the governance of exchange relationships. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 76-104.
Larson, A. and Starr, J.A. (1993). A network model of organization formation. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 1993, 5-15.
Laumann, E. O., Glaskiewicz, J., and Marsden, P. V. (1978). Community structure as interorganizational linkages. Annual Review of Sociology, 4: 455-484.
Lawless, M.W., Bergh, D.D. and Wilstead, W.D. (1989), Performance variations among strategic group members: an examination of individual firm capability, Journal of Management, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 649-61.
LeCompte, M.D. and Goetz, J.P. (1982), Problems of Reliability and Validity in Ethnographic Research. Review of Educational Research Spring 1982, Vol. 52, No. 1, 31-60
Lee, C., Lee, K., and Pennings, J. M. (2001). Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: A study on technology-based ventures. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6/7): 615.
Leiblein, M.J. (2003). The choice of organizational governance form and performance: predictions from transaction cost, resource-based, and real options, Journal of Management, Vol. 29, pp. 937-61.
Li, H. & Atuahene-Gima, K. (2001). Product innovation strategy and the performance of new technology ventures in China. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 1123-1134.
Li, J., Yang, J. Y., and Yue, D. R. (2007). Identity, community, and audience: How wholly owned foreign subsidiaries gain legitimacy in China. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1): 175.
Lieberman, M. B. (1987). Postentry investment and market structure in the chemical processing industries. Journal of Economics, 18(4): 533-549.
Lindqvist, M. (1988). Internationalization of small technology-based firms: Three illustrative case studies on Swedish firms. Stockholm School of Economics Research Paper 88/15.
Lindqvist, M. (1991). Infant multinationals: The internationalization of young, technology-based Swedish firms. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm.
Lord, M.D. & Ranft, A.L. (2000). Organizational learning about new international markets: Exploring the internal transfer of local market knowledge. Journal of International Business Studies, 31: 573-589.
Lu, J. W. (2002). Intra- and Inter-organizational Imitative Behavior: Institutional INfluences on Japanese Firms' Entry Mode Choice. Journal of International Business studies, 33(1): 19-37.
Lu, J.W. & Beamish, P.W. (2001). The internationalization and performance of SMEs. StrategicManagement Journal, 22: 565-586.
Lumpkin, G. and Dess, G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21: 135-72.
Lumpkin, G.T., Dess, G., Eisner, A. and McNamara, G. (2013). Strategic Management: Text and Cases with Conect Access Card. McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.
Luo, Y. (1997). Partner selection and venturing success: The case of joint ventures with firms in the People’s Republic of China. Organizational Science, 8: 648-662.
Luo, Y. and Shenkar, O. (2011). Toward a perspective of cultural friction in international business. Journal of International Management, 17(1): 1-14.
Madsen, T.K. and Servais, P. (1997). The internationalization of born globals: An evolutionary process. International Business Review, 6: 61-583.
Madsen, T.K., Rasmussen, E.S., and Servais, P. (2000). Differences and similarities between born globals and other types of exporters. In A. Yaprak & J. Tutek (eds.) Globalization, The Multinational Firm, and Emerging Economies, (Advances in International Marketing, 10), Amsterdam: JAI/Elsevier Inc., 247-265.
Mahoney, J.T. and Pandian, J.R. (1992), The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 13 No. 5, pp. 363-80.
Makino, S, and Neupert, K. E. (2000). National Culture, Transaction Costs, And The Choice Between Joint Venture And Wholly Owned Subsidiary. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(4): 705-713.
Male, S.P. (1991). Strategic hlanagernent in Construction: Conceptual Foundations. In: Competitiv Advantnge in Constrzuction. S.P. Male & R.K. Storks (eds), pp. 5-44. butterworth-Hcineinann, Oxford.
Male, S.P. and Mitrovic D. (1999). Trends in World Markets and LSE Industry Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 6, KO. 1, 7-20.
Malone, T. and Laubaucher, R.J. (1998). The dawn of the e-lance economy, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 76 No. 5, pp. 144-52.
Mamis, R.A. (1989). Global start-up. Inc., Aug.: 38-47.
Mason, E.S. (1939). Price and production policies of large-scale enterprises, American Economic Review, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 61-74.
McAuley, A. (1999). Entrepreneurial instant exporters in the Scottish arts and craft sector. Journal of International Marketing, 7: 67-82.
McDougall, p. (1989). Some Fundamental Issues in International Entrepreneurship. Kelley School of Business, Indiana University . 1-27.
McDougall, P.P. (1989). International versus domestic entrepreneurship: New venture strategic behavior and industry structure. Journal of Business Venturing, 4: 387-399.
McDougall, P.P. and Oviatt, B.M. (1997). International entrepreneurship literature in the 1990s and directions for future research. In D. L. Sexton & R. W. Smilor (eds.), Entrepreneurship 2000, 291-320, Chicago: Upstart Publishing.
McDougall, P.P. and Oviatt, B.M. (2000). International entrepreneurship: The intersection of two research paths. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 902-908.
McDougall, P.P., Shane, S., and Oviatt, B.M. ( 1994). Explaining the formation of international new ventures: The limits of theories from international business research. Journal of Business Venturing, 9: 469-487.
McGee, J. and Thomas, H. (1986). Strategic groups: theory, research, and taxonomy, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 141-60.
McGrath, R.G. and MacMillan, I.C. (1992). More like each other than anyone else? A crosscultural study of entrepreneurial perceptions. Journal of Business Venturing, 7: 419-429.
McKiernan, P. (1992). Strategies of growth: maturity, recovery, and internationalization. Routledge, the University of Michigan.
McNamara. (1999). General Guidelines for Conducting Interviews. From: http://www.mapnp.org/library/evaluatn/intrview.html
McNaughton, R.B. and Bell, J.D. (1999). Brokering networks of small firms. In R. Wright (Ed.), Research in Global Strategic Management, 63-84. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
Melin, L. (1992). Internationalization as a Strategy Process. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 13, 99-118.
Meyer, K. E., and Nguyen, H. V. (2005). Foreign Investment Strategies and Sub-national Institutions in Emerging Markets: Evidence from Vietnam. The Journal of Management Studies, 42(1): 63-93.
Miles, M.B. and Huberman,A.M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: a Sourcebook of New Methods. Newbury Park: Sage
Miles, R.E. and Snow, C.C. (1978). Organizational Strategy, West, New York, NY.
Miller,
Miller, A. and Dess, G.G. (1993). Assessing Porter’s (1980) model in terms of its generalizability, accuracy, and simplicity, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 30, pp. 553-85.
Miller, Alex, Dess, Gregory, G. (1996). Strategic Management. New York : McGraw-Hill.
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29: 770-791.
Miller, D. (1986), Configurations of strategy and structure, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 7, pp. 233-49.
Miller, S. R., and Eden, L. (2006). Local density and foreign subsidiary performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2): 341.
Mintzberg, H. (1987). The Strategy Concept I: Fice Ps for Strategy. General Strategic Theory.
Mitchell, R.K., Smith, B., Seawright, K., and Morse, E.A. (2000). Cross-cultural cognitions and venture creation decision. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 974-993.
Moavenzadeh, F. (1975). The Construction Industry in Developing Countries. Technology Adaptation Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Spring 1975.
Moen, Ø. (2002). The born globals: A new generation of small European exporters. International Marketing Review, 19: 156-175.
Moen, Ø. and Servais, P. (2002). Born global or gradual global? Examining the export behavior of small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of International Marketing, 10: 49-72.
Morrow, J.F. (1988). International entrepreneurship: A new growth opportunity. New Management, 3: 59-61.
Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H., and Swoboda, B. (2010). Decades of research on market entry modes: What do we really know about external antecedents of entry mode choice? Journal of International Management, 16(1): 60-77.
Murray, A.I. (1988). A contingency view of Porter’s ‘generic strategies, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 390-400.
Myers, M. D. and Newman, M. (2007). The Qualitative Interview in IS research: Examining the craft. Information and Organization, 17(1): 2-26. Britten, 1995
Newman, H.H. (1973), Strategic groups and the structure-performance relationship: a study with respect to the chemical process industries, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
O’Regan, N. and Ghobadian, A. (2004), The importance of capabilities for strategic direction and performance, Management Decision, Vol. 42, p. 292.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (1997). Globalisation and Small and Medium Enterprises. Paris: OECD.
Oviatt, B. M. and McDougall, P. P. (1999). A framework for understanding accelerated international entrepreneurship. In R. Wright (Ed.), Research in Global Strategic Management, 23-40. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
Oviatt, B.M. and McDougall, P.P. (1994). Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1): 45-64.
Oviatt, B.M. and McDougall, P.P. (1994). Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1): 45-64.Zaheer, 1995;
Ozorhon, B. and Demirkesen, S. (2014). International Competitiveness of the turkish Contractors. 11th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering.21-25 october, 2014 Istanbul / Yurkey.
Papyrina, V. (2007). When, How, and with What Success? The Joint Effect of Entry Timing and Entry Mode on Survival of Japanese Subsidiaries in China. Journal of International Marketing, 15(3): 73-95.
Parnell, J.A. (1997), New evidence in the generic strategy and business performance debate: a research note, British Journal of Management, Vol. 8, pp. 175-81.
Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Penrose, E. (1959), The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, Sharpe, New York, NY.
Petersen, B. & Pedersen, T. (1997). Twenty years after—support and critique of the Uppsala internationalization model. In I. Björkman & M. Forsgren (eds.), The Nature of the International Firm. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.
Pheng, L.S and Hongbin, J. (2004). Estimation of international construction performance: Analysis at the country level. Journal of Construction Management and Economics, 22(3), 277-289.
Phillips, L.W., Chang, D.R. and Buzzell, R.D. (1983). Product quality, cost position, and business performance: a test of some key hypotheses, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 26-43.
Pietz, M. (2002). The pro-competitive effect of higher entry costs, International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 20, pp. 353-64.
Pitelis, C.N. and Pseiridis, A.N. (1999). Transaction costs versus resource value?, Journal of Economic Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 221-40.
Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy: techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free
Porter, M.E. (1973), Retailer power, manufacturer strategy and performance in consumer goods industries, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Porter, M.E. (1980). Competitive Strategy, Free Press, New York, NY.
Porter, M.E. (1981). The contributions of industrial organization to strategic management, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 609-20.
Porter, M.E. (1985). Competitive Advantage, Free Press, New York, NY.
Porter, M.E. (2001). Strategy and the internet, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 79 No. 3, p. 72.
Powell, W. W. (1990). Neither market nor hierarchy: network forms of organization. In B. M. Staw, & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 12: 295-336. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Preece, S. B., Miles, G. and Baetz, M. C. (1999). Explaining the international intensity and global diversity of early-stage technology-based firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 14: 259-281.
Priem, R.L. and Butler, J.E. (2001a). Is the resource-based ‘view’ a useful perspective for strategic management research. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 26, pp. 22-40.
Priem, R.L. and Butler, J.E. (2001b). Tautology in the resource-based view and the implications of externally determined resource value: further comments. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 26, pp. 57-66.
Proff, H. (2000), Hybrid strategies as a strategic challenge – the case of the German automotive industry, Omega, Vol. 28 No. 5, p. 541.
Quinn, B. (2000), How Wal-Mart Is Destroying America, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA.Ray, G., Barney, J.B. and Muhanna, W.A. (2004). Capabilities, business processes, and competitive advantage: choosing the dependent variable in empirical tests of the resource-based view, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 25, pp. 23-37.
Rasmussen, E.S., Madsen, T.K., and Evangelista, F. (2001) The founding of the born global company in Denmark and Australia: Sensemaking and networking. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 13: 75-107.
Rennie, M. (1993). Global competitiveness: Born global. McKinsey Quarterly, 4: 45-52.
Reuber, A.R. and E. Fischer, (1997). The influence of the management team’s international experience on the internationalization behavior of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4): 807-825.
Rialp-Criado, A., Rialp-Criado, J. and Knight, G.A. (2002). The phenomenon of international new ventures, global start-ups, and born-globals: What do we know after a decade (1993- 2002) of exhaustive scientific inquiry?”. Working-paper # 2002/11. Dep. d’Economia de l’Empresa, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
Roberts, E.B. and Senturia, T.A. (1996). Globalizing the emerging high-technology company. Industrial Marketing Management, 25: 491-506.
Root, F. (1987). Foreign Market Entry Strategies, AMACOM, New York.
Root, F. (1994). Entry Strategies for International Markets, Jossey-Bass book, New York.
Roure, J.B., Keeley, R. and Keller, T. (1992). Venture capital strategies in Europe and the U.S. Adapting to the 1990’s. In N.C. Churchill et al. (eds.) Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Babson Park, MA: Babson College, 345-359.
Scherer, F. (1980). Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, Rand McNally, Chicago, IL.
Schirmer, A. (1996). New insights on the complexity of resource-constrained project scheduling – A case of single-mode scheduling, Manuskripte aus den Instituten für Betriebswirtschaftslehre der universitat Kiel 390.
Servias, P. and Rasmussen, E.S. (2000). Different types of international new ventures. Paper presented at the Academy of International Business Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ.
Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organizational Science, 11: 448-469.
Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000) The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25: 217-26.
Sharma, A. (1998). Mode of entry and ex-post performance. Strategic Management Journal, 19: 879-900.
Shrader, R.C. (2001). Collaboration and performance in foreign markets: The case of young high-technology manufacturing firms. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 45-60.
Shrader, R.C., Oviatt, B.M. and McDougall, P.P. (2000). How new ventures exploit trade-offs among international risk factors: Lessons for the accelerated internationalization of the 21st century. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 1227-1248.
Simões, V.C. and Dominguinhos, P.M. (2001). Portuguese born globals: An exploratory study. Paper presented at the 27th EIBA Conference, Paris, France.
Spooner, J.G. and M. Kanellos. (2004). IBM sells PC group to Lenovo. http://news.cnet.com/IBM-sells-PC-group-to-Lenovo/2100-1042_3-5482284.html.
Sridharan, G. (1997). Factors affecting the performance of international joint ventures – a research model. In Proceedings of First International Conference on Construction Industry Development, Vol. 2, pp. 84–91.
Steensma, K., Marino, L., Weaver, M. and Dickson, P. (2000). The influence of national culture in the formation of technology alliances by entrepreneurial firms. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 951-973.
Stenbacka,C. (2001). Qualitative research requires quality concepts of its own. Management Decision, 39(7), 551-555.
Stinchcombe, A. L. (1965). Organizations and social structure. In J. March (Ed.), Handbook of Organizations: 142-193. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
Stinchcombe, A. L. (1965). Social structure and organizations. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of Organizations, 142-193, Chicago: Rand McNally.
Stopford, J. and Wells, L.T. (1972). Managing the Multinational Enterprise, New York: Basic.
Tapscott, D., (2001). Rethinking strategy in a networked world, Strategy Business, Vol. 24, pp. 1-8.
Tapscott, D., Ticoll, D. and Lowy, A. (2000). Digital Capital: Harnessing the Power of Business Webs, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
Theingi, H., and Tang, J. C. S. (2007). The effect of firm's experience, diversification strategy and entry mode on performance: electrical and electronics industry in Thailand. International Journal of Business and Systems Research, 1(4): 416-437.
Thomas, A.S. and Mueller, S.L. (2000). A case for comparative entrepreneurship: Assessing the relevance of culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 31: 287-301.
Tihanyi, L., Griffith, D. A. and Russell, C. J. (2005). The effect of cultural distance on entry mode choice, international diversification, and MNE performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(3): 270-283.
Tiong, R.L.K. (1990b). BOT Projects: Risks and Securities. Journal of Construction Management and Economics,8. pp. 315-328.
Turkish Contractors Association – TMB. (2016). http://www.tmb.org.tr/doc/file/YDMH_April_2016.pdf
Turnbull, P.W. (1987). A challenge to the stages theory of the internationalization process. In P.J.Rosson & S.D. Reids (eds.) Managing Export Entry and Expansion, New York: Praeger.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2001). World Investment Report, New York: UNCTAD.
Uzzi, B. (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1): 35-67.
Velasco, M., Serra, M.A. and Macias, R.S. (2015). European Powers of Construction. Delloite. June 206.
Velasco, M., Serra, M.A. and Pinedo, B.F. (2014). European Powers of Construction. Delloite. June 2015.
Venkataraman, S. (1997). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. In J.A. Katz (ed.) Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, vol. 3. Greenwich, CN: JAI Press, 119-138.
Vernon, R. (1966). International investment and international trade in the product cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80: 190-207.
Vernon, R. (1979). The product cycle hypothesis in a new international environment. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 41 255-268.
Vernon, R. (1996). International Investment and International Trade in the Product Sycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics.
Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in Organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Welch, L.S. and Luostarinen, R. (1988). Internationalization: evolution of a concept. Clayton, Vic., Australia : Graduate School of Management, Monash University
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based theory of the firm, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 171-80.
Westney, D. E. (1999). Organizational evolution of the multinaitonal enterprise: An organizational sociology perspective. Management International Review, 39(1): 55-75.
Westney, D. E. and Sakakibara, D. (1985). Comparative study of the training, careers, and organization of engineers on the computer industry in Japan and the United States. MIT: MIT Japan Science and Technology Program.
White, R.E. (1986). Generic business strategies, organizational context and performance: an empirical investigation, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 217-31.
Wild, J.J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C.Y. (2006). International Business: The Challenges of Globalization. Pearson/Prentice Hall
Willing, W. (2003). Lawsuits a volume business at Wal-Mart, USA Today Online, 13 August.
Wong, H.Y. and Merrilees, B. (2005). A brand orientation typology for SMEs: a case research approach, Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 14 Nos 2/3, pp. 155-62.
Woodcock, C. P., Beamish, P. W., and Makino, S. (1994). Ownership-based entry mode strategies and international performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(2): 253-273.
Wright, P. (1987). A Refinement of Porter’s Strategies. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 8, 93-101
Wright, R.W. and Ricks, D. A. (1994). Trends in international business research: Twenty-five years later. Journal of International Business Studies, 25: 687-701.
Yildirim, A. and Şimşek,H. (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama, Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 2006, 2 (2): 113-118.
Yilmaz, K. (2013). Comparison of Quantitative and qualitative Research Traditions:epistemological, theoretical and methodological differences. European Journal of Education, Vol. 48, No. 2, 2013.
Yiu, D., and Makino, S. (2002). The choice between joint venture and wholly owned subsidiary: An institutional perspective. Organization Science, 13(6): 667.
Zacharakis, A.L. (1997). Entrepreneurial entry into foreign markets: A transaction cost perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21: 23-39.
Zaheer, S. (1995). Overcoming the liability of foreignness. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2): 341-.
Zaheer, S. (1995). Overcoming the liability of foreignness. Academy of Management Journal , 38: 341-363.
Zaheer, S. and Mosakowski, E. (1997). The Dinamics of Liability of Foreignness: Aglobal Study of Survival in Financial Services. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18:6, 439–464
Zahra, S.A. and George, G. (2002). International entrepreneurship: The current status of the field and future research agenda. In M.A. Hitt, R.D. Ireland, S.M. Camp, & D.L. Sexton, Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating a New Mindset, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Zahra, S.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hitt, M.A. (2000). International expansion by new venture firms: International diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 925-950.
Zhao, H., Luo, Y., and Suh, T. (2004). Transaction cost determinants and ownership-based entry mode choice: a meta-analytical review. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(6): 524-544
