Özet
One of the greatest challenges of an English teacher in English as a foreign language context faces is that English is not used authentically in the settings in which students live. Thus, learners do not have many natural opportunities to be exposed to the language or use it in authentic interaction. To fulfill the educational potential of language teaching, learners’ language acquisition and knowledge of the target language through foreign language classes can be enhanced by implementing teaching methods such as multimodality as a socio-semiotic approach in language teaching and learning. Film is widely used as a teaching material in foreign language classes as one of the most important ways of multimodality in terms of supplying both social and semiotic features of a target language thanks to its qualities.
This study analyzes the effects of using film as a multimodal way on developing students’ comprehension skills in reading and enhancing cultural awareness in English Language and Literature Department at Selçuk University. The study was conducted on a sample of two groups: an experimental and a control group taught conventionally. The study was carried out at Selçuk University in Language and Literature Department. The participants in this study were sophomore students at B1+ level aged 19-21. The results of the study have shown that there were significant differences between experimental and control group of students on using film incorporated in the teaching material. The study concluded that a visual context helps students enhance and improve their comprehension skills in reading. The scores of the groups who received the course through different methods related to the perception scale and the benefits of cultural awareness displayed a significant difference and their common effect on perception scale scores.
Künye
Al-Arishi, A. Y. (1994). Technology in communicative language teaching. Language Quarterly, 32, 175–191.
Allan, M. (1985). Teaching English with video. Essex: Longman.
Al-Sayyed, S.W., & Dweick, B.S. (2015). Teaching western culture to Jordanian students majoring in English language: Perceptions and achievements, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 5, 140-147.
Altman, R. (1989). The video connection. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Anderson, D. D. (1992). Using feature films as tools for analyst in psychology and law course. Teaching of Psychology, 19(3), 155-158.
Aparisi, M. C., Blanco, J. A., & Rinka, M. D. (2007). Revista: Conversación sinbarreras [Magazine: Conversation without barriers]. Boston: Vista Higher Learning.
Arcario, P. (1992). Criteria for selecting video materials. In S. Stempleski & P. Arcario (Eds.). Video in second language teaching: Using, selecting and producing video for the classroom,TESOL Quarterly,20, 109-121. Alexandria, VA..
Arnheim, R. (1969). Visual thinking. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Arnold, J. & Harmer, J. (1984). Advanced writing skills. England: Longman Group Ltd.
Atkins, S. J. (2001). Constructing visual literacy teaching: An investigation of two primary school teachers' construction of visual literacy teaching. Unpublished Honours Dissertation. University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.
Bacon, S. (1995). Coming to grips with the culture: Another use of dialogue journals in teacher education. Foreign Language Annals, 28 (2), 193-207.
Baker, W. (2003). Should culture be an overt component of efl instruction outside of English speaking countries? The Thai context. Asian EFL Journal, [Online:http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/dec-03-sub.wb.php, Date Accessed: 05.02. 2010].
Barthes, R. (1993). Mythologies. London: Vintage.
Barton, D., Hamilton, M., & Ivanic, R. (2000). Situated literacies. London: Routledge.
Barwind, J., & Piecowye, J. (2002). Your media, my literacy. Zayed University. [Online: http://www.zu.ac.ae/cmtr/gmr/articles-2002-12/medialiteracy1.html, Date Accessed: 12.01.2005].
Bateson, G. (1977). Step to ecology of mind. London: Ballantine.
Berwald, J.P. (1987). Teaching foreign languages with realia and other authentic materials, ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics: Washington, D.C.
Birch, D. & Gardiner, M. (2005). Students' perceptions of technology-based marketing courses. Paper Presented at The ANZMAC Conference: Broadening The Boundaries, Fremantle, Western Australia, 5-7 December.
Blanco, J., & Tocaimaza-Hatch, C. (2007). Imagina: Español sin barreras [Imagine: Spanish without barriers]. Boston: Vista Higher Education.
Bo, B. (2008). The differences between novels and films: Enhance literature teaching by using films. U.S.-China Education Review, 5 (7), 58-61.
Brandvold, D., Chang, L. L., Probst, G., & Bennion, J. (1986). Effectiveness of the interactive videodisk workstation in use in the English language center at Brigham Young University. Calico Journal, 4 (2), 25-39.
Brinton, D. M., Snow, M. A., & Wesche, M. B. (2003). Content-based second language instruction – Michigan Classics Edition. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of language learning and teaching. New York, NY: Pearson Education.
Brown. W., Lewis, R. J. & Harceload, F. W. (1983). AV instruction: Technology, media and methods. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Bueno, K. A. (2009). Got film? Is it a readily accessible window to the target language and culture for your students? Foreign Language Annals, 42(2), 318–339.
Buckingham, D. (1993). Children talking television: The making of television literacy. London: The Falmer Press.
Burn, A., & Durran, J. (2007). Media literacy in schools: Practice, production and progression. London: Paul Chapman
Burn, A., & Parker, D. (2003). Analysing media texts. London: Continuum Books.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007) Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı, Elementary Education Online, 7(1), 6-8.
Byram, M., & Fleming, M. (1997). Language learning in intercultural perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Canagarajah, S. (2003). Foreword. In G. Smitherman and V. Villanueva (Eds.) Language Diversity in the Classroom: From intention to practice, 9-14. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
Carr, T., & Duncan, J. (1987). The VCR revolution: Feature films for language and cultural proficiency. In Birckbichler, D. W. (Eds.) Proficiency, Policy, and Professionalism in Foreign Language Education. (ED 285422), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Carter, R., & Mcrae, J. (1996). Language, literature and the learner: Creative classroom practice. Harlow: Longman.
Casanave, C., & Freedman D. (1995). Learning by collaboration and teaching a film presentation project. [Monograph]. In C. Casanave & Simons (Eds.), Pedagogical Perspective on Using Films in Foreign Language Classes, 28-39. Keio University SFC.
Champoux, J. E. (1999). Film as a teaching resource. Journal of Management Inquiry, 8(2), 206–217.
Chapple, L. & Curtis, A. (2000). Content-based instruction in Hong Kong: Student responses to film. System 28(3), 419-433.
Charlebois, J. (2008). Developing critical consciousness through film. TESL Canada Journal/Revue TESL Du Canada, 25, 124–132.
Chung, J. (1995). Nonverbal communication in leadership. Paper Presented at The Annual Conference of Speech Communication Association in San Diego, CA, November 20-23.
Cononelos, T., & Oliva, M. (1993). Using computer networks to enhance foreign language/culture education. Foreign Language Annals, 26 (4), 527-534.
Cope, B. & Kalantzis, M. (2000). Multiliteracies: Literacy learning and the design of social futures. London: Routledge.
Corbett, J. (2003). An intercultural approach to English language teaching. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Corder, S. P. (1968). Film and television in modern language teaching. In Jalling, H. (Eds.). Modern language teaching. London: Oxford University Press.
Crozet, C., & Liddicoat, A.J. (1999). The challenge of intercultural language teaching: engaging with culture in the classroom. In J. Lo Bianco, A.J. Liddicoat and C. Crozet (Eds). Striving for the third place: Intercultural competence through language education, 113-125. Melbourne, Australia: Language Australia.
Curwood, J.S., & Gibbons, D. (2009). Just like I have felt: Multimodal counter narratives in youth-produced digital media. International Journal of Learning and Media, 1(4), 59-77.
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010) Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi.
Doyen, C. (1998). Films for self-study. Modern English Teacher, 7(4), 60–61.
Dubois, M., & Vial, I. (2000). Multimedia design: The effects of relating multimodal information. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 16, 157-165.
Duffield, A. (1999). Literacy and cyber culture. [Online: http://www.readingonline.org/articles/dudfield/main.html., Date accessed 17.4.2007].
Keen, A. N. (2003). You’ve got mail: A film workshop. ELT Journal 57, (1) 51–9.
Emir, J. (1983). The web of meaning: Essays on writing, teaching learning and thinking. Upper Montclair, NJ: Boynton/Cook.
Evans, M. S. (2007). Narrative film: Promoting reading and learning. The International Journal of Learning, 14 (5), 253-266.
Finnegan, M. D. (1996). The World Wide Web and foreign language teaching. ERIC/CLL News Bulletin, 20 (1).
Firth, A., & Wagner, J. (2003). On discourse, communication, and (some) fundamental concepts in SLA research (text 20), section on SLA. In Seidlhofer, B. (Eds.), Controversies in applied linguistics, 173-198. New York: CUP.
Foucault, M. (1991). The archaeology of knowledge. London: Tavistock.
Freire, P., & Macedo, D. (1987). Literacy: Reading the word and the world. London: Routledge
Furmanovsky, M. (1996). Content video in the EFL classroom. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Language Teachers.
Gale, L. E. (1989). Macario, montevidisco, and interactive dígame: Developing interactive video for language instruction. In F. Smith (Eds.), Modern technology in foreign language education: Applications and projects, 235-247. Lincoln Wood, IL: National Textbook.
Gareis, E. (1997). Literature and film adaptations: Dealing with hot topics in the Esland literacy classroom. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 41 (3), 222-223.
Gareis, R. (2001). Benchmarking the project-oriented society, In PM Days Conference, University of Economics and Business Administration Vienna.
George, D., & Shoos, D. (1999). Dropping bread crumbs in the intertextual forest: Critical literacy in a postmodern age, passions, pedagogies, and 21st century literacies. (Eds.). Gail E. Hawisher and Cynthia L. Selfe. Logan, UT: Utah State UP, Print, 115-126.
Giroux, H. (2006). Is there a role for critical pedagogy in language/culture studies? an interview with Henry A. Giroux. [With M. Guilherme] Language and Intercultural Communication, 6 (2), 163-175.
Goffman, E. (1976). Gender advertisements. Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication, 3, 69-74.
Grant, S. W. (2006). Using video to develop writing fluency in low proficiency ESL students, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. XII, [Online: http://itselj.Org/, Date Accessed: 08.08. 2006].
Hall, J.K., & Eggington, W.G. (1997). Introduction. In J.K. Hall and W.G. Eggington (Eds) The sociopolitics of English language teaching, 1-4). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Halliday, M. (1978). Language as social semiotic. London, Edward Arnold.
Harrison, L. G. (2009). Foreign films in the classroom: Gateway to language and culture. Journal of College Teaching and Learning, 6 (8), 89-93.
Herron, C., Dubreil, S., Corrie, C., & Cole, S. P. (2002). A classroom investigation: Can video improve intermediate-level French language students' ability to learn about a foreign culture? The Modern Language Journal, 86 (1), 36-53.
Hill, C. A. (2004). Reading the visual in college writing classes: Visual rhetoric in a digital world. Ed. Carolyn Handa. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 107-130.
Hinkel, E. (1999). Building awareness and practical skills to facilitate cross-cultural communication. In Celce-Murcia, M. (Eds.) (2001), Teaching English as second or foreign language, (3rd Edition). USA: Heinle and Heinle.
Hodge, R. & Kress, G. (1988). Social semiotics. Ithaca: Cornell UP.
Hunfeld, H. (1990). Das Deutliche gegenüber. In Hunfeld, H. (1989), Literatur ALS sprachlehre. Ansätze eines hermeneutisch orientierten fremdsprachenunterrichts. Berlin Und München, 60-77.
Ismaili, M. (2013). The effectiveness of using movies in the EFL classroom – A study conducted as South East European University. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(4), 121-132.
Jenkins, A. (2006). What community college policies and practices are effective in promoting student success? A study of high-and low-impact institutions, community college research center, Teachers College, Columbia University.
Jolly, A. B. (1998). The effectiveness of learning with concept mapping on science problem solving of sixth-grade children. [Online: http://wwwlib.Umi.Com/Dissertations//Fullcit/9908097. Date Accessed: 17.12.2005].
Kern, R. (2006). Perspectives on technology in learning and teaching languages. Tesol Quarterly, 40 (1), 183-210.
Kikuchi, Y. (1997). Keigo [Honorific Expressions]. Tokyo: Kodansha Gakujutsubunko.
King, J. (2002). Using DVD Feature films in the EFL classroom. Computer Assisted Language Learning 15 (5), 509–23.
Kist, A. (2004). New literacies in action: Teaching and learning in multiple media, Language and Literacy Series, Teachers College.
Kohonen, D. (2007). Towards transformative foreign language teacher as a professional social actor. In R. Jakku-Sihvonen and H. Nieme (Eds), Education as a societal contributor, 2-206. Berlin: Peter Lang.
Kozma, R. (1991). Will media influence learning: Reframing the debate? Educational Technology Research and Development, 42(2), 7-19.
Kramsch, C. (1987). The cultural discourse of foreign language textbooks. In A. Singerman (Eds.), Towards a new integration of language and culture, 63-68. Middlebury, VT: Northeast Conference.
Kramsch, C. (1991). Culture in language learning: A view from the United States. In K. De Bot, R.B. Ginsberg & C. Kramsch (Eds), Foreign language research in cross-cultural perspective, 217-240). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kramsch, C. (1998). The privilege of the intercultural speaker. In M. Byram and M. Fleming (Eds), Language learning in intercultural perspective: Approaches through drama and ethnography, 16-31. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kramsch, C. (2006). Language and culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kress, G. & Jewitt, C. (Eds.) (2003) Multimodal literacy. New York: Peter Lang.
Kress, G., Jewitt, C., Ogborn, J., & Tsatarelis, C. (2001). Multimodal teaching and learning: The rhetorics of the science classroom. London and New York: Continuum.
Kress, G. & Van Leeuwen, T. (1996). Reading images – the grammar of visual design. London: Routledge.
Kress, G. & Van Leeuwen, T. (2001) Multimodal discourse: The modes and media of contemporary communication, Arnold, London.
Kress, G. & Van Leeuwen, T. (2006). The grammar of visual design. London: UCL Press.
Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. London: Routledge.
Kress, G. (2010). Multimodality: Exploring contemporary methods of communication. London: Routledge.
Kuang, J. F. (2007). Developing students’ cultural awareness through foreign language teaching. Sino-US English Teaching, 4(12), 74-81.
Kusumarasdyati. (2004). Listening, viewing and imagination: Movies in EFL classes. Paper Presented at 2nd International Conference On Imagination and Education, Vancouver, Canada.
Kusumarasdyati. (2006). The use of movie videos to enhance cross-cultural understanding. The 16th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia in Wollongong 26 June - 29 June 2006. [Online: http://coombs.anu.edu.au/Specialproj/ASAA/Biennial-Conference / 2006 / Kusumarasdyati ASAA2006.Pdf]
Lafayette, R. C. (Ed.). (1996). National standards: A catalyst for reform. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook& American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.
Lankshear, C. & Knobel, M. (2003) Changing literacies. [With J.P. Gee, and C. Searle.] Miltonkeynes, UK: Open University Press.
Lemke, J. (2007). Video Epistemology: In-and-outside the box: Traversing attentional spaces. In, R. Goldman, R. Pea, B. Barron, & S. Derry (Eds.), Video research in the learning sciences, 39-52. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Lemke, J. L. (2010). Transmedia traversals: Marketing meaning and identity. In A. Baldry & E. Montagna (Eds.), Interdisciplinary perspectives on multimodality: Theory and practice. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Multimodality. Campobasso: Palladino.
Lemke, J. (1998). Multiplying meaning: Visual and verbal semiotics in scientific text. In J. R. Martin & R. Veel (Eds.), Reading Science, 87-113. London: Routledge.
Lemke, J. (2002). Travels in hypermodality. Visual Communication, 1(3), 299-325.
Lin, L. Y. (2002). The effects of feature films upon learners’ motivation, listening comprehension performance and speaking skills: The learner-centered approach. Tapei: Crane.
Luo, J. J. (2003). Using DVD films to enhance college freshmen’s English listening comprehension and motivation. Master’s Thesis, National Tsing-Hua University.
Lynch, L. M. (2008). 5 ways to use popular movies for English language teaching. [Online: http://www.Grammar4you.Com/341/.Html.] Date accessed: 13.07.2014.
Maguire, L. L. (2005). Literature review: Faculty participation in online distance education: Barriers and motivators. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 8 (1).
Malinowski, B. (2006). Crime and custom in savage society. London: Read.
Manovich, L. (2002). The language of new media, Institute of Technology Massachusetts, USA.
Markee, N. (1997). Second language acquisition research: A resource for changing teachers’ professional cultures? Modern Language Journal, 81, 80–93.
Melin, C. (2010). Between the lines: When culture, language, and poetry meet in the classroom. Language Teaching, 43, 349–365.
Metz, C. (1974). Film language: A semiotics of the cinema. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mitchell, W.J.T. (1994). Picture theory, essays on verbal and visual representation, University of Chicago
MLA Ad Hoc Committee on Foreign Languages (2007). Foreign languages and higher education: New structures for a changed world. Profession, 7, 234–245.
Moore, Z. (1996). Culture: How do teachers teach it? In Z. Moore (Eds.), Foreign language teacher education: Multiple perspectives, 269-288. Maryland: University Press of America.
Morrison, M., Sweeney, A., & Hefferman, T. (2003). Learning styles of on-campus and off-campus marketing students: The challenge for marketing educators ‖, Journal of Marketing Education, 25 (3), 208-217.
Muller, V. (2006). Film as film: Using movies to help students visualize literary theory. The English Journal, 95 (6), 32-38.
National Standards in Foreign Language Education Project (1999). Standards for foreign language learning in the 21st century. Lawrence, KS: Allen Press.
Nelson, M. E., Hull, G., & Roche-Smith, J. (2008). Challenges of multimedia self-presentation: Taking, and mistaking, the show on the road. Written Communication, 25 (4), 415-440.
New London Group (2000). A pedagogy of multiliteracies, designing social futures. In B. Cope, B. & M. Kalantzis (Eds.), Multiliteracies: Literacy learning and the design of social futures. South Yarra, Melbourne: Macmillan.
Nostrand, H. (1989). The beginning teacher’s cultural competence: Goal and strategy. Foreign Language Annals, 22 (2), 189-193.
Omaggio Hadley, A. C. (2001). Teaching language in context, (3rd Ed.). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Pegrum, M. (2008). Film, culture and identity: Critical intercultural literacies for the language classroom. Language and Intercultural Communication, 23, 248-301.
Pally, M. (1998). Film studies drive literacy development of ESL university students, Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 41 (8), 620-629.
Pavlenko, A., & Lantolf, J. (2000). Second language learning as participation and the (re) construction of selves. In J. Lantolf (Eds.), Sociocultural theory and second language learning, 155-177. New York: Oxford University Press.
Phipps, A. & Gonzalez, M. (2004). Modern languages, teaching in an intercultural field. Sage Publications, London.
Ryan, S. (1998). Using films to develop learner motivation. TESL Journal 4, (11), 22-35.
Saint-Léon, C. (1988). The case for authentic materials on videodisk. Calicojournal, 6 (2), 27-40.
Sankey, M. D. (2006). A neomillennial learning approach: Helping non-traditional learners studying at a distance. The International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 2 (4), 82-99.
Savignon, S. J., & Sysoyev, P. V. (2005). Cultures and comparisons: Strategies for learners. Foreign Language Annals, 38 (3), 357-365.
Scaife, M., & Rogers, Y. (1996). External cognition: How do graphical representations work? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 45, 185-213.
Schmidt, K. (1994). What works: The results of evaluations of two interactive multimedia programs. International Journal of Instructional Media, 21(4), 269-277.
Schulz, R. A. (2007). The challenge of assessing cultural understanding in the context of foreign language instruction. Foreign Language Annals, 40 (1), 9-26.
Selber, S. A. (2004). Multiliteracies for a digital age. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
Shea, D. (1995). Whole moview and engaged response in the Japanese university ESL classroom. In C. Casanave & Simons (Eds.), Pedagogical perspective on suing films in foreign language class, 3-17. Keio University SFC.
Sherman, J. (2003). Using authentic video in the language classroom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sinatra, R. (1986). Visual literacy connections to thinking, reading, and writing. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas.
Slater, D. (1997). Persuasion processes across receiver goals and message genres. Communication Theory, 7, 125–148.
Sommer, P. (2001). Using film in the English classroom: Why and how. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 44 (5), 485-487.
Starkey, H. (2007). Language education, identities and citizenship: Developing cosmopolitan perspectives. Language and Intercultural Communication, 7(1), 56–71.
Stempleski, S. (1992). Teaching communication skills with authentic video. In video in second language teaching: Using, selecting, and producing video for the classroom, Ed. S. Stempleski & P. Arcario. Alexandria: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc.
Stempleski, S. (2000). Video in the ESL classroom: Making the most of the movies. ESL Magazine, March/April, 10-12.
Stempleski, S. (2002). Video in the ELT classroom: The role of the teacher in methodology in language teaching: An anthology of current practice, Ed. J. Richards and W. Renandya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Strasheim, L. (1981). Establishing a professional agenda for integrating culture into the K-12 foreign languages. The Modern Language Journal, 65 (1), 67-69.
Sugden, R. & Wilson, J.R. (2001). Globalization: The new economy and regionalization: Globalization and world cities study group network (Gawc), Research Bulletin, 70.
Tang, Y. (2006). Beyond behaviour: Goals of cultural learning in the second language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 90 (1), 86-99.
Tang, Y. (1999). Language, truth, and literary interpretation: A cross-cultural examination. Journal of the History of Ideas, 60, 1-20.
Tanriverdi, B. & Apak, Ö. (2008). An analysis of three children stories by Rıfat Ilgaz in view of their convenience for reading classes in elementary schools. Elementary Education Online, 7(2), 252-272.
Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Measuring attitudes and data analysis with SPSS. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.
Telatnik, M. A. & Kruse, W. D. (1982). Cultural videotapes for the ESL classroom. In M. Geddes & G. Sturtridge (Eds.), Video in the language classroom, 171-181. London: Heinemann Educational Books, Inc.
Tomalin, B. (1986). Video, TV and radio in the English class. London: Macmillan.
Tsui, A.B.M. (2005). Plenary language policy, culture and identity in the era of globalization. In B. Beaven (Eds.) IATEFL 2005: Cardiff Conference Selections, 41-51. Canterbury, UK: IATEFL.
Tuncay, H. (2014). An integrated skills approach using feature movies in EFL at tertiary level. The Turkish Online. Journal of Educational Technology, 13 (1), 56-63.
UNESCO (2009). UNESCO Universal declaration on cultural diversity. Paris: UNESCO. [Online:http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001271/127160m.pdf.Date Accessed: 10.03.2010].
Unsworth, L. (2001). Teaching multiliteracies across the curriculum: Changing contexts of text and image in classroom practice. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
Valdes, J. M. (1986). Culture bound: Bridging the cultural gap in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Van Lier, L. (2000). From input to affordance: Social-interactive learning from an ecological perspective. In J.P. Lantolf (Eds.). Sociocultural theory and second language learning, 245-259. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Warschauer, M. (1996). Computer-mediated collaborative learning: Theory and practice. The Modern Language Journal, 81 (4), 470-481.
Warschauer, M. (1999). Electronic literacies: Language, culture and power in online education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Warschauer, M. (2003). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wood, D. J. (1995). Good video movies for teaching English as a foreign or second language. Bulletin of the International Cultural Research Institute of Chikushijogakuen College, 6, 105-125.
Wray, D. (Ed.) (2004). Literacy: Major themes in education, new literacies: The impact of technology, London: Routledge Falmer.
Young, R. F., & Miller, E. (2004). Learning as changing participation: Discourse roles in ESL writing conferences. The Modern Language Journal, 88, 519-535.