Abstract
The idea that being exposed to information contained in the learning environment
over a period of time causes subconscious learning is called ‘peripheral learning’.
This term was coined by Georgi Lozanov in the 1970’s, who viewed the learning
environment as a crucial part of the learning process and emphasized the
optimization of the environment for the learning process. Utilizing this
phenomenon in the classroom could lead to effortless and automatic learning. The
aim of this study was to explore the potential benefits of peripheral learning via the
use of colorful, illustrative educational posters within the classroom and the
cognitive and emotional effects of using such posters on university English
preparation students in Turkey. One such classroom in a foreign languages
department was decorated with 27 different posters containing grammatical and
lexical items along with illustrative and written examples, which remained for a
total of 12 weeks. Two midterm exams were conducted by the department during
this period (the first after four weeks of exposure, the second after 12 weeks of
exposure). The scores of the experimental group (24 students) were compared to
those of a control group (21 students). It was found that the experimental group
had somewhat significantly higher grammar and vocabulary scores in the first
exam, and significantly higher grammar and vocabulary scores in the second
exam. A comparison of each group’s progress between the first and second
midterms also showed a significant difference in favor of the treatment group.
Furthermore, interviews with the students exposed to the posters showed that
students generally tended to have positive feelings towards them and tended to
examine the posters often.
xmlui.mirage2.itemSummaryView.Collections
xmlui.dri2xhtml.METS-1.0.item-citation
Al Mamun, A. (2014). Effectiveness of audiovisual aids in language teaching in tertiary level (Master’s Thesis). BRAC University, Bangladesh.
Alban Rodriguez, B. (2011). Suggestopedia: Use and review of the technique and steps to be applied in an EFL classroom (Master’s Thesis). University of Cuenca, Ecuador.
Armstrong, T. (2009). Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, ASCD.
Badri, A., Badri, A., & Badri, G. (2015). The effects of peripheral teaching on Iranian EFL vocabulary improvement. International Journal of Educational Investigations, 2(1), 10-18. Retrieved from http://www.ijeionline.com/ attachments/article/35/IJEIonline_Vol.2_No.1_2015-1-02.pdf
Bahmani, M., Pazhakh, A., & Sharif, M. R. (2012). The effect of peripheral learning on vocabulary acquisition, retention and recall among Iranian EFL learners. Higher Education of Social Science, 3(1), 44-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.hess.1927024020120301.1132
Bancroft, W. J. (1978). The Lozanov Method and its American adaptations. Modern Language Journal, 62(4), 167-175. DOI: 10.2307/324351
Bancroft, W. J. (2005). Suggestopedia and Language. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Barbe, W.B., & Milone, M. N. (1981). What we know about modality strengths: Research that shows students have different modality strengths should be used to improve learning. Educational Leadership. 38. 378-380. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/journals/ed_lead/el_198102_barbe.pdf
Caskey, O. L., & Flake, M. H., (1976). Essentials of suggestopedia: A primer for practitioners. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED119063
Christ, R. E. (1975). Review and analysis of color coding research for visual displays. Human Factors, 17(6). 542-570. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/001872087501700602
Çetin, Y., & Flamand, L. (2013). Posters, self-Directed learning, and L2 vocabulary acquisition. ELT Journal, 67(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccs065
Dolati, R. I., & Richards, C. (2012). The perception of English language teachers in the use of visual learning aids. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8(5), 2581-2595. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/228335285_The_Perception_of_English_Language_Teachers_in_the_Use_of_Visual_Learning_Aids
Fatemipour, H. (2013). Peripheral learning of English language: A comparison between ESL and EFL contexts provided for university students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 1394-1397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.050
Felder, R. M., & Silverman, L. K. (1988). Learning and teaching styles In engineering education. Engr. Education, 78(7), 674–681. Retrieved from http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/users/f/felder/public/Papers/LS-1988.pdf
Fleming, N. D. (1995). I'm different; not dumb. Modes of presentation (VARK) in the tertiary classroom. Research and Development in Higher Education, Proceedings of the 1995 Annual Conference of the Higher Education and Research Development Society of Australasia (HERDSA), 18, 308-313. Retrieved from http://www.vark-learn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ different_not_dumb.pdf
Fleming, N., & Baume, D. (2006) Learning styles again: VARKing up the right tree!, Educational Developments, 7(4), 4-7. Retrieved from https://semcme.org/wp-content/uploads/Flora-Educational-Developments.pdf
Freeman, D. (2000). Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. (2.ed.). Oxford, The United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Frensch, P. A., & Rünger, D. (2003). Implicit learning. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(1), 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01213
Gardner, H., Hatch, T. (1989). Multiple intelligences go to school: Educational implications of the theory of Multiple Intelligences. Educational Researcher, 18(8), 4-10. Retrieved from https://www.sfu.ca/~jcnesbit/EDUC220/ ThinkPaper/Gardner1989.pdf
Gardner, H. (1995). Reflections on multiple intelligences: Myths and messages. Phi Delta Kappan, 77, 200-209. Retrieved from https://learnweb.harvard.edu/WIDE/courses/files/Reflections.pdf
Gezer, M., Şen, B., & Alcı, B. (2012). The effect of peripheral learning applied in English instruction on english idioms learning. The International Journal of Educational Researchers, 3(3), 19-34. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/ download/article-file/89892
Ghasemi, A., & Zahediasl, S. (2012). Normality tests for statistical analysis: A guide for non-statisticians. International Journal of Endocrinology Metabolism, 10(2). 486-489. DOI: 10.5812/ijem.3505
Gibson, J. J., & Gibson, E. J. (1955). Perceptual learning: Differentiation or enrichment? Psychological Review, 62(1), 32-41. DOI: 10.1.1.294.9167
Grinder, J. & Bandler, R. (1981). Trance-formations: Neuro-linguistic programming and the structure of hypnosis. Moab, UT: Real People Press.
Güçlü, B., Ayhan, & M. S., (2015). Suggestopedia in Turkish language for foreigners: Georgian In Practice: Georgia. Inter. J. Edu. Res. Technol. 6(1), 105-108. DOI: 10.15515/ijert.0976-4089.6.1.105108
Hale, G. A., & Piper, R. A. (1973). Developmental trends in children's incidental learning: Some critical stimulus differences. Developmental Psychology, 8(3), 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1972.tb01023.x
Harmer, J. (2001). The Practice of English Language Teaching (3.ed.). Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited.
Hawkins, R. P. (1973). Learning of peripheral content in films: A developmental study. Child Development, 44(1), 214-217. DOI: 10.2307/1127707
Hubenthal, M., O’Brien, T., & Taber, J. (2011). Posters that foster cognition in the classroom: multimedia theory applied to educational posters, Educational Media International, 48(3), 193-207. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09523987.2011.607322
Hulstijn, J. H. (2005). Theoretical and empirical issues in the study of implicit and explicit second language learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27(2), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263105050084
Kim, T. K. (2015). T test as a parametric statistic. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 68(6), 540-546. DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2015.68.6.540
Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2005). Learning styles and learning spaces: Enhancing experiential learning in higher education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4(2), 193-212. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40214287
Krashen, S. D. (2009). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Retrieved from http://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/ principles_and_practice.pdf
Krashen, S. D. (1996). The case for narrow listening. System, (24)1. 97-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0346-251X(95)00054-N
Krashen, S. D., & Terrell, T. D. (1995). The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom. Prentice Hall Europe: Hertfordshire.
Larsen-Freeman, (2000). Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Lozanov, G. (1978). Suggestology and Suggestopedia: Theory and Practice.
Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, K. (1990). Informal and Incidental Learning in the Workplace. London and New York: Routledge.
Mateva, G. (1997). A portrait of the suggestopedic teacher. Teacher Development, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/13664539700200005
Mathew, N. G. & Alidmad A. O. H. (2013). A Study on the usefulness of audio-visual aids in EFL classroom: Implications for effective instruction. International Journal of Higher Education, 2(2). 86-92. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v2n2p86
McGlothlin, J. D. (1997). A child’s first steps in language learning. The Internet TESL Journal, 3(10). Retrieved from http://iteslj.org/Articles/McGlothlin-ChildLearn.html
McKay, S. L. (2011). Teaching English as an international language: Implications for cultural materials in the classroom. Tesol Journal, 9(4), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1949-3533.2000.tb00276.x
Mishra, S. K., & Yadav, B. (2014). Audio-visual aids & the secondary school teaching. Global Journal of Human-Social Science: Linguistics & Education, 14(1). 14-24. Retrieved from https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume14/3-Audio-Visual-Aids-and-The-Secondary.pdf
Mohamadpur, M. (2013). Effects of peripheral English learning and creating motivation on Iranian secondary school EFL learners of elementary level. Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, 2(2013). 44-45. Retrieved from http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JLLL/article/view/9215/9445
National Research Council. (2006). Learning to Think Spatially. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11019
Osa, J. O., & Musser, L. R (2004). The role of posters in teacher education programs. Education Libraries, 27(1), 16-21. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ983927.pdf
Reber, A. S. (1967). Implicit learning of artificial grammars. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6(6), 855-863. Retrieved from http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~pal/pdfs/pdfs/reber67.pdf
Reber, A. S. (1989). Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118(3), 219-235. Retrieved from http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~pal/pdfs/pdfs/reber89.pdf
Richards, J. and Rodgers, T. (2014). Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rickards, M. (1970). Posters of Protest and Revolution. Bath: Adams and Dart
Rokni, S. J., Porasghar, H., & Taziki, Z. (2014). The effect of peripheral learning on EFL learners’ spelling. International Journal of English Language, Literature and Humanities, 1(V), 201-215. Retrieved from http://ijellh.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/The-Effect-of-Peripheral-Learning-on-EFL-Learners-Spelling.pdf
Rokni, S. J. A. (2014). Does peripheral learning improve EFL learners’ spelling? International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 2(2), 62-67. Retrieved from http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijll.20140202. 13.pdf
Ruxton, G. D., & Neuhäuser, M. (2010). When should we use one-tailed hypothesis testing? Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 1(2), 114-117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00014.x
Stevick, E. W., (1976). Memory, Meaning and Method: Some Psychological Perspectives on Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Suzuki, Y., & DeKeyser, R. (2017). The interface of explicit and implicit knowledge in a second language: Insights from individual differences in cognitive aptitudes. Language Learning, 67(4), 747-790. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12241
Şener, S., & Bostan, D. (2017). Using posters in EFL classroom: An elementary school case. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching (IOJET), 4(4), 552-560. Retrieved from http://iojet.org/index.php/IOJET/ article/view/242/190
Takahashi, C., & Matsuya, A. (2013). Learning English phrasal verbs with audiovisual aids, INTED2013 Proceedings, 4630-4635.
Wu, J. H., & Yuan, Y. (2003). Improving searching and reading performance: The effect of highlighting and text color coding. Information & Management 40. 617-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(02)00091-5
