Yaşam Kalitesinin Yordayıcıları: Türkiye ve İran Örneği

Abstract

ABSTRACT This is a predictive research correlational study to investigate the relationship between the quality of life, self-efficacy beliefs and psychological resilience depending on the culture of university students. In addition, to examine the effects of these variables on the quality of life, Frisch's quality of life inventory has been adapted for Iran and Turkey and cross-cultural comparisons were also made between the two countries. Participants of the study consisted of 413 undergraduate students, 229 (55.4%) female and 184 (44.6%) male students studying in Iranian Tabriz Azad University and 511 undergraduate students 295 (57.7%) female and 216 (42.3%) male in Turkey at Hacettepe University who is studying during the 2016-2017 academic year (total 924 students; 56% are Turkish and 44% are Iranian). The self efficacy beliefs levels of the students were measured by the ''General Self-efficacy beliefs scale'' developed by Sherer et al. (1982) and adapted to Turkish by Yıldırım and İlhan (2010) and adapted to Persian by Bakhtiyari Barati (1998), the resilience levels measured by ''Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale'' developed by Connor and Davidson (2003) and adapted to Turkish by Karaırmak (2007) and adapted to Persian by Besarat et al.(2008) and the Quality of Life levels measured by ''Quality of Life Inventory'' developed by Frisch (1992) and adapted to Turkish and Persian by researcher. Also, a personal information form is used in order to collect demographic characteristics of the participants. In the first stage of this study, quality of life inventory was applied to two groups of university students to adapt to the Persian and Turkish language. In order to test the language equivalence of the scale, English-Persian and English-Turkish Forms were applied to students in the English language-teaching department at intervals of two weeks. Positive and statistically significant correlations were found between the scores obtained from English-Persian and English-Turkish Forms (r=.96). The factor loadings explained by the theoretical one-dimensional model as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis applied to the data obtained from the Turkish Form of QOLI are between.25 and.70. The mean variance (AVE) the factor explained in ix the items was.29.The composite reliability (CR) coefficient is.86. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient is.85; corrected item total correlation coefficients are between.26 and.60. The factor loadings explained by the theoretical one-dimensional model as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis applied to the data obtained from the Persian Form of QOLI are between.38 and.55.The mean variance the factor explained in the items was.23. The composite reliability coefficient is.83. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient is.83; corrected item total correlation coefficients are between.34 and.48. The invariance of the measurements (whether it is biased or not) obtained from Turkish and Iranian samples was examined by sequential model tests (loose cross validation, configural, metric, scalar invariances). In both groups, it was seen that the theoretical model explained the relationship in the data set at the approximately equivalent level. Moreover, the mean scores of two groups was compared, and the mean of QOLI scores of Iranian students was higher than the Turkish students (t822= 5.55; p<.05). Pearson's correlation coefficients between the variables of the research [culture (moderator), self-efficacy (independent variable), resilience (mediator) and quality of life (dependent variable)] are positive and statistically significant. In addition, the moderated mediation test was applied to examine the extent to which relationships between variables are explained within the envisaged model; multiple regression analysis results showed that self-efficacy and culture variables explained 23% (R2 =.23, F(3,915)= 118.92, p<.00) of variance in resilience scores and 12% of variance in quality of life scores (R2 =.12, F(2,916)= 65.87, p<.00). The indirect effect of self-efficacy on quality of life is moderated by culture variable. According to the results, Self- efficacy enhances the quality of life. Self- efficacy also increases resilience and also increases quality of life. However, the effect of self- efficacy on resilience varies depending on the culture, and this indirect effect is higher in Turkish students as well. Keywords: child abuse, child pornography, children, cyberbullying, Internet, Internet addiction, pedophilia, teachers’ beliefs, threats