Ekonomik Değişkenler ve Sera Gazı Emisyonları İlişkisi: Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi Ek-2 Ülkeleri

Abstract

The Industrial Revolution is a revolution that brought about irreversible changes in human being history. The invention of the steam engine changed the lifestyle and routines of humanity that had been going on for thousands of years. Today, with the opportunities provided by industrialization, human life has become much more comfortable than before. The world population has reached 8 billion in the last 200 years. The increasing human population has brought to the agenda the issue of meeting the endless human demand with limited resources. The increasing human population has created the problem of meeting endless human demand with limited resources. This demand has pushed countries to produce more in order to get a larger share of the global economic system. With high production, humanity has become acquainted with a new notion. This notion is global warming, whose effects are clearly visible today. Due to natural and unnatural reasons, gases that create a greenhouse effect are generated in the atmosphere. These gases trap the heat coming from the Sun to the Earth, causing the Earth's temperature to rise. Global warming threatens human health, human life, nature, natural life, economies and many other phenomena. The effects of global warming have been seen much more clearly in recent years. These effects have pushed states to take precautions. In this context, various steps have been taken under the leadership of the United Nations (UN). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which aims to keep the greenhouse gas accumulations in the atmosphere and the anthropogenic effects on the climate system at a certain level, was submitted to sign at the Rio Conference held in 1992. The current state of the convention consists of Annex-1 countries and non-Annex-1 countries. Annex-2 countries are a subset of Annex-1 countries. Annex-1 consists of countries in the transition to a market economy and developed countries, while Annex-2 consists only of developed countries. In this thesis study, the relationship between per capita greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment rate and trade openness of 21 countries accepted as developed countries by the UN was examined using panel cointegration test. The analysis showed that the long-term relationship between inflation and per capita greenhouse gas emissions was in the same direction for the United Kingdom and France, and in the opposite direction for Austria, Netherlands and Ireland. The long-term relationship between GDP per capita and greenhouse gas emissions per capita is in the same direction for Finland, France, Spain, Italy, Iceland, Canada, and Greece, but inversely for Austria and Belgium. The long-term relationship between unemployment rate and greenhouse gas emissions per capita is in the same direction for the US, Ireland, Spain, and Italy, but inversely for Iceland and Greece. The long-term relationship between trade openness and greenhouse gas emissions is in the same direction for France, but inversely for Australia, Austria, Spain, and Canada.