Higher Education In Brazil And Turkey (1989-2016): Expansion And Privatization Policy
Özet
MACEDO DE SOUZA, Erica. Higher Education in Brazil and Turkey
(1989-2016): Expansion and Privatization Policy, Master Thesis, Ankara,
2018.
Universities and the Higher Education System are at the heart of the
transformations stemming from neoliberal-privatist policies. Neoliberal
privatization policies gained ground throughout the 2000s, despite
resistance from some sectors of society. In contrast to this resistance,
such political model has been adopted by many developing countries,
such as Brazil and Turkey, which have experienced in the last decades a
pressure to adopt privative policies in relation to Higher Education (HE), at
the same time as they face challenges to meet the growing demand of
students for this level of education and quality improvement that allows an
effective democratization of opportunities at the higher level of education.
In the midst of complex problems, one of the directions that can be
identified is the articulation of the expansion of higher education with
privatism. In this line, the present study analysed the expansion and
privatization processes of the HE in Brazil and Turkey, seeking to
investigate, from the point of view of the development of the public and
private sphere, the progress of higher education that occurred between
1989 and 2016. The period covered in the analysis is justified to
contemplate the vigor of neoliberalism in the two countries from the end of
the 1980s, as well as changes in the referred Systems of Higher
Education, particularly after the beginning of the mandate of the AKP Party
government in the year 2002 and the second Government of Lula, in 2009.
Starting from peculiarities from the original point of view of the university in
each analysed country, similarities and differences in the evolution of
Higher Education Systems were sought. The focus of the monitoring of
Brazilian and Turkish higher education, in comparative analysis, focused
the axes of approach in the public and private HE Having as unit of
analysis the Higher Education System of the two countries, the
methodology used fell on comparative education. In the analysis of the
processes of expansion and privatism in the HE, the observed variables
ix
were the following: quantitative growth of HE institutions; registration and
access in public and private establishments; conclusion in the Higher
Education System; public funding, and some programs for HE in both
countries. The research verified, among the systems in Brazil and in
Turkey, higher education in the scope of differences in the historical
formation of each Higher Education System and the respective
adjustments, changes in the legislation and the potential reorganization of
the HE establishments towards a logic induced by the capital. The
comparison of the historical configuration of the university in both
countries evidenced the original presence of the private initiative in the HE
in Brazil much more dominant than in Turkey, signaling the protagonism of
one and another legal nature, the public and the private one, besides
characteristics more elitist or massed in the respective Higher Education
System. In the analysis of the variables compared, especially between the
years 1990-2006, there was a greater voracity of privatism in the HE of
both countries.
Key Words
Higher Education Systems in Brazil and Turkey; Expansion of Higher
Education; Privatism in Higher Education; Comparative education.
