Plantago major subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange ve Plantago scabra Moench.'un antienflamatuvar ve yara iyi edici etkilerinden sorumlu ilaç adayı bileşiklerin araştırılması

Abstract

The genus Plantago (Plantaginaceae) is represented by approximately 275 species worldwide, and in the flora of Türkiye, there are a total of 23 species, 2 of which are endemic. Plantago species are traditionally used in the treatment of various diseases such as wounds, burns, hemorrhoids, pain, fever, swelling, insect bites, respiratory diseases, stomach ulcers, and diabetes. In this thesis study, 80% ethanol extracts of the aerial parts of Plantago major subsp. intermedia and Plantago scabra were prepared. Phytochemical and biological activity studies were carried out on these extracts. The structures of 18 of the compounds isolated as a result of the phytochemical studies were elucidated using advanced spectroscopic methods. Five of these compounds were identified as iridoid glucosides (aucubin, 10-hydroxymajoroside, 10-acetoxymajoroside, plantarenaloside, and feruloyl gardoside), two as phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside and martynoside), one as a phenol glucoside (isotachioside), one as a triterpene (ursolic acid), and one as a megastigman glycoside (3-oxo--ionol -glucose). The antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing effects of the extracts, fractions, and pure compounds were investigated. Antioxidant effects were determined using DPPH, SO, and ABTS radical scavenging methods, while cytotoxic effects were investigated using the MTT method. The anti-inflammatory effect was measured in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by quantification of NO, IL-6, TNF-, and IL-1. The wound healing effect was determined using a scratch test on L929 cells. The study results showed that the scavenging effect of P. major subsp. intermedia extract (DPPH IC50: 139.84; SO IC50: 108.34; ABTS TEAC: 130.95) against all three radicals was higher than that of P. scabra extract (DPPH IC50: 160.62; SO IC50: 316.53; ABTS TEAC: 283.40). In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, the P. scabra Fr. fraction was found to be more prevalent among the fractions. In the wound healing experiment, P. major subsp. intermedia Fr. A (10 µg/mL: 83.31% inhibition) showed the highest NO inhibition among the fractions, while among the pure compounds, acteozide (100 µM: 61.89% inhibition) showed the highest inhibition. In the wound healing experiment, P. major subsp. intermedia Fr. A (10 µg/mL: 91.87% ± 5.28%) showed the highest effect among the fractions, while aucubin (6.25 µM: 69.33% ± 0.97%) showed the highest effect among the pure compounds. The findings contribute to the literature with detailed phytochemical and biological effect research of P. major subsp. intermedia and P. scabra plants.