TÜRKİYE İÇİN SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TURİST GEZİ TASARIM PROBLEMİ: KARBON KISITLI VE ÇOK MODLU TAM SAYILI PROGRAMLAMA UYGULAMASI

Abstract

This study formulates a multi-day, multi-modal Tourist Trip Design Problem (TTDP) for Turkey’s seven regions, jointly accounting for time windows, budget, and carbon-emission constraints. The model incorporates POI time windows and mode-dependent travel time/cost and emission factors, resulting in a carbon-constrained, multi-modal, multi-day TTDP that is solved with Gurobi via a SolverStudio–Excel integration. Performance is assessed using the Efficiency-Based Comparison (EBC) with score-per-time and score-per-carbon ratios, used only for evaluation (not embedded in the objective). To analyze policy sensitivity, seven scenarios are defined: S_base, S1 (Low Time Limit), S2 (High Time Limit), S3 (Low Carbon Cap), S4 (High Carbon Cap), S5 (Low Budget Cap), and S6 (High Budget Cap). Results are consistent across regions: S3 reduces carbon to about 34–36 kg, delivering the highest score-per-carbon; S1 shortens total duration and improves score-per-time. S4 yields the highest visits and scores but raises carbon to ~85–90 kg, weakening efficiency; S2 increases visits and scores at the expense of time efficiency. S5 preserves scores while lowering total cost (cost-effective), whereas the marginal benefit of S6 indicates that the budget is generally non-binding. Regionally, Marmara exhibits the richest itinerary in the base case with 48 distinct POIs over three days and high total scores; S2/S4 are preferable for attractiveness maximization, while S3 stands out for sustainability. The findings highlight the importance of selecting scenarios aligned with planning priorities (sustainability, time efficiency, visitor satisfaction, and cost).