Feminist Activist Politics And Sisterhood In The Life Narratives Of Audre Lorde And June Jordan

İlimen, Ezgi

Göster/Aç

Tez.pdf (2.878Mb)

Tarih

2017

Yazar

İlimen, Ezgi

Üst veri

Tüm öğe kaydını göster

Özet

İlimen, Ezgi. Feminist Activist Politics and Sisterhood in the Life Narratives of Audre Lorde and June Jordan, Master’s Thesis. Ankara, 2017. African American feminist writers Audre Lorde’s Zami: A New Spelling of My Name and June Jordan’s Soldier: A Poet’s Childhood are examples of women’s life writing tradition. These coming of age memoirs describe the traumatic ordeals of their narrators under the shadow of racism, sexism, classism and ethnocentrism. The young narrators’ struggles for visible identities are further complicated by the contradictory and prejudiced definitions of womanhood prevalent in their Caribbean African American background and in the assimilationist attitudes of the white community. Despite the contradictory and conflicting cultural codes of their environments, the narrators are able to come to an understanding of their racial and gender positionalities and form independent female identities through solidarity and sisterhood, while redefining socially constructed race and gender norms with a feminist consciousness. Audre Lorde’s essay collection Sister Outsider, her illness narrative/memoir The Cancer Journals and June Jordan’s essay collection Civil Wars are autobiographical feminist manifestos. These works reflect feminist perspectives and agendas that connect African Americans to other communities around the world. Lorde’s and Jordan’s transnational views suggest that the dominant patriarchal outlook can cause the intersectionality of racism, misogyny and classism in developing and developed nations. Unlike white middle class feminism or separatist identity politics, they advocate coalition politics, which regards women’s voices as powerful narratives against ignorance, censorship and the standardization of de-storied women, addressing working class women, sexual objectification, essentialist media and body politics, domestic/public violence and other discrimination. The above-mentioned works represent a shift from Second Wave to Third Wave feminist concerns by encouraging pluralistic, polyvocal and multi-issue feminisms. Key Words: Life narratives, African American Feminism, Identity, Intersectionality, Coalition, Sisterhood.

Bağlantı

http://hdl.handle.net/11655/3859

Koleksiyonlar

Amerikan Kültürü ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Tez Koleksiyonu [48]

Künye

Alexander, Elizabeth. “‘Coming out Blackened and Whole’: Fragmentation and Reintegration in Audre Lorde’s Zami and The Cancer Journals.” American Literary History 6.4 (1994): 695-715. JSTOR. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/489961>. Allen, Jessica. “Mari Evans (1923- ).” Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers. Ed. Yolanda Williams Page. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2007. 186-90. Google Books. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. <https://books.google.com/>. Anzaldua, Gloria. “Speaking In Tongues: A Letter to 3rd World Women Writers.” This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color. Eds. Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldua. 2nd ed. New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983. 165-74. Print. “Audre Lorde: Reflections.” Feminist Review 45 (1993): 4-8. JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1395343>. Barale, Michéle Aina. “Review: Zami: A New Spelling of My Name by Audre Lorde.” Rev. of Zami: A New Spelling of My Name and Sister Outsider, by Audre Lorde. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 8.1 (1984): 71-73. JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3346098>. Barnes, Sharon L. “Marvelous Arithmetics: Prosthesis, Speech, and Death in the Late Work of Audre Lorde.” Women’s Studies 37.7 (2008): 769-89. Taylor & Francis. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497870802341483>. Baumgardner, Jennifer, and Amy Richards. “Third Wave Manifesta from Manifesta.” Feminist Theory: A Reader. Eds. Wendy K. Kolmar and Frances Bartkowski. 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 568-69. Print. Beal, Frances M. “Double Jeopardy: To be Black and Female.” Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism 8.2 (2008): 166-76. Project Muse. Web. 2 Mar. 2017. <https://muse.jhu.edu/article/242234>. “The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.” Feminist Theory: A Reader. Eds. Wendy K. Kolmar and Frances Bartkowski. 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 521- 28. Print. Bergland, Betty Ann. “Representing Ethnicity in Autobiography: Narratives of Opposition.” The Year Book of English Studies 24 (1994): 67-93. JSTOR. Web. 17 Oct. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3507883>. Bevis, William. “Native American Novels: Homing In.” Recovering the Word: Essays on Native American Literature. Eds. Brian Swann and Arnold Krupat. Berkeley: U of California P, 1987. 580-620. Google Books. Web. 28 Dec. 2016. <https://books.google.com/>. Bolaki, Stella. “‘New Living the Old in a New Way’: Home and Queer Migrations in Audre Lorde’s Zami.” Textual Practice 25.4 (2011): 779-98. Taylor & Francis. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2011.586784>. Brogan, Jacqueline Vaught. “From Warrior to Womanist.” Speaking the Other Self. Ed. Jeanne Campbell Reesman. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1997. 198-208. Print. “Brown v. Board of Education (1954).” Our Documents. National Archives, n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2016. <https://ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=87>. Burgess, Norma J. “Gender Roles Revisited: The Development of the ‘Woman’s Place’ Among African American Women in the United States.” Journal of Black Studies 24.4 (1994): 391-401. JSTOR. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2784560>. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1999. Print. Carr, Joi. “Maya Angelou (1928- ).” Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers. Ed. Yolanda Williams Page. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2007. 13-18. Google Books. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. <https://books.google.com/>. Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism: Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York: Teachers College Press, 1997. Print. ---. “The Race for Theory.” Feminist Studies 14.1 (1988): 67-79. JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3177999>. ---. “Review: Dynamics of Difference.” Rev. of Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches, by Audre Lorde. The Women’s Review of Books 1.11 (1984): 6-7. JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/4019543>. Cixous, Héléne. “The Laugh of Medusa.” Trans. Keith Cohen and Paula Cohen. Signs 1.4 (1976): 875-93. JSTOR. Web. 16 Dec. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3173239>. Collins, Patricia Hill. “Learning from the Outsider Within: The Sociological Significance of Black Feminist Thought.” Social Problems 33.6 (1986): 14-32. JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/800672>. ---. “What’s in a Name? Womanism, Black Feminism and Beyond.” The Black Scholar 26.1 (1996): 9-17. EBSCOhost. Web. 17 May 2015. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.18430597&lang=tr&site=eds-live&authtype=ip,uid>. Colman, Felicity. “Notes on the Feminist Manifesto: The Strategic Use of Hope.” Journal for Cultural Research 14.4 (2010): 375-92. Taylor & Francis. Web. 17 Oct. 2016. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14797581003765333>. Combahee River Collective. “A Black Feminist Statement.” Feminist Theory: A Reader. Eds. Wendy K. Kolmar and Frances Bartkowski. 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 311-17. Print. Crenshaw, Kimberle. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43.6 (1991): 1241- 1299. JSTOR. Web. 20 Jan. 2017. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1229039>. Creque-Harris, Leah J. “Ntozake Shange.” Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia. Salem Press, Jan. 2016. EBSCOhost. Web. 7 Apr. 2017. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=89408467&lang=tr&site=eds-live&authtype=ip,uid>. Dill, Bonnie Thornton. “Race, Class, and Gender: Prospects for an All-Inclusive Sisterhood.” Feminist Studies 9.1 (1983): 131-50. JSTOR. Web. 25 Nov. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3177687>. Durán, Isabel. “The Body as Cultural Critique in American Autobiography.” South Atlantic Review 70.1 (2005): 46-70. JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20462731>. Erickson, Peter, and June Jordan. “After Identity.” Transition 63 (1994): 132-49. JSTOR. Web. 17 May 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935338>. Faludi, Susan. Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women. New York: Crown Publishers, 1991. Print. Filmer, Alice Ashton. “African-American Vernacular English: Ethics, Ideology, and Pedagogy in the Conflict between Identity and Power.” World Englishes 22.3 (2003): 253-70. EBSCO. Web. 2 Mar. 2017. <http://search.ebscohost.com/ login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ674801&site=eds-live&authtype=ip,uid>. Finn, Paula. “June Jordan’s Legacy.” New Labor Forum 12.1 (2003): 123-27. EBSCOhost. Web. 17 Jan. 2017. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=bth&AN=10594471&lang=tr&site=eds-live&authtype=ip,uid>. Fischer, Michael M. J. “Autobiographical Voices (1, 2, 3) and Mosaic Memory: Experimental Sondages in the (Post)modern World.” Autobiography and Postmodernism. Eds. Ashley Kathleen, Leigh Gilmore and Gerald Peters. Amherst: The U of Massachusetts P, 1994. 79-129. Print. Flynn, Richard. “‘Affirmative Acts’: Language, Childhood, and Power in June Jordan’s Cross-Writing.” Children’s Literature 30.1 (2002): 159-85. Project Muse. Web. 2 Sep. 2016. <https://muse.jhu.edu/article/247517>. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Trans. Robert Hurley. Vol. 1. New York: Vintage, 1990. Print. Friedan, Betty. “The Problem That Has No Name from The Feminine Mystique.” Feminist Theory: A Reader. Eds. Wendy K. Kolmar and Frances Bartkowski. 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 198-203. Print. Friedman, Susan Stanford. “Women’s Autobiographical Selves: Theory and Practice.” Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Eds. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson. Wisconsin, U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 72-82. Print. Frye, Marilyn. “Some Reflections on Separatism and Power.” The Politics of Reality: Essays in Feminist Theory. Crossing Press, 1983. Feminist Reprise. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. <www.feminist-reprise.org/docs/fryesep.htm>. Gilmore, Leigh. Autobiographics: A Feminist Theory of Women’s Self-Representation. Ithaca: U of Cornel, 1994. Print. Giroux, Christopher. “Eroding and Eliding, Breaking and Building: Reworking the Landscape in Audre Lorde’s Zami.” The Explicator 67.4 (2009): 285-88. Taylor & Francis. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00144940903250326>. Gomez, Jewelle. “June Jordan: July 9, 1936-June 14, 2002.” Callaloo 25.3 (2002): 715-18. JSTOR. Web. 8 Mar. 2017. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3300100>. Grewal, Inderpal, and Caren Kaplan. “Global Identities: Theorizing Transnational Studies of Sexuality.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 7.4 (2001): 663-79. Project Muse. Web. 20 Jan. 2017. <https://muse.jhu.edu/article/12186>. Griffin, Farah Jasmine. “That the Mothers May Soar and the Daughters May Know their Names: A Retrospective of Black Feminist Criticism.” Signs 32.2 (2007): 483-507. JSTOR. Web. 9 Apr. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/508377>. Guy-Sheftall, Beverly, ed. “bell hooks.” Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought. New York: The New Press, 1995. 269. Google Books. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <https://books.google.com/>. Henderson, Mae Gwendolyn. “Speaking in Tongues: Dialogics, Dialectics, and the Black Woman Writer’s Literary Tradition.” Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Eds. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson. Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 343-51. Print. Hitchcott, Nicki. “African ‘Herstory’: The Feminist Reader and the African Autobiographical Voice.” Research in African Literatures 28.2 (1997): 16-33. JSTOR. Web. 17 Oct. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3820441>. Homans, Margaret. “Lorde, Audre (1934-1992).” African American Writers. Ed. Valerie Smith. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2001. 517-32. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 16 Jan. 2016. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=hu_tr&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX1387200045&asid=39f44d11f4f4ace9586eb63326b3ebd9>. hooks, bell. Outlaw Culture: Resisting Representations. New York: Routledge, 2008. Print. ---. “writing autobiography.” Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Eds. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson. Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 429-32. Print. Hua, Anh. “Audre Lorde’s Zami, Erotic Embodied Memory, and the Affirmation of Difference.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 36.1 (2015): 113-35. Project Muse. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. <https://muse.jhu.edu/article/576873>. Huey, Peggy J. “Bell Hooks (1952- ).” Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers. Ed. Yolanda Williams Page. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2007. 273-77. Google Books. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. <https://books.google.com/>. Jordan, June. “Can I get a Witness?” The Black Scholar 22.1/2 (1991): 56-58. JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/41067747>. ---. “The Case for the Real Majority.” On Call: Political Essays. 1st ed. Boston: South End Press, 1985. 37-8. Print. ---. Civil Wars. Boston: Beacon Press, 1981. Print. ---. Soldier: A Poet’s Childhood. 1st ed. New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2000. Print. ---. “Problems of Language in a Democratic State.” On Call: Political Essays. 1st ed. Boston: South End Press, 1985. 27-36. Print. “June Jordan.” Poetry Foundation. Modern Poetry Association, n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. <http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/june-jordan#poet>. Jurecic, Ann. Illness As Narrative. Pittsburg: U of Pittsburg P, 2012. Print. Kaplan, Caren. “Resisting Autobiography: Out-Law Genres and Transnational Feminist Subjects.” Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Eds. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson. Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 208-16. Print. Keating, Analouise. “The Intimate Distance of Desire: June Jordan’s Bisexual Inflections.” Journal of Lesbian Studies 4.2 (2000): 81-93. Taylor & Francis. Web. 16 June 2015. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J155v04n02_06>. ---. “Making ‘Our Shattered Faces Whole’: The Black Goddess and Audre Lorde’s Revision of Patriarchal Myth.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 13.1 (1992): 20-33. JSTOR. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3346940>. Kemp, Yakini B. “Writing Power: Identity Complexities and the Exotic Erotic in Audre Lorde’s Writing.” Studies in the Literary Imagination 37.2 (2004): 21-36. EBSCOhost. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct= true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.133685489&lang=tr&site=eds-live&authtype=ip,uid>. Khalid, Robina Josephine. “Demilitarizing Disease: Ambivalent Warfare and Audre Lorde’s ‘The Cancer Journals.’” African American Review 42.3/4 (2008): 697-714. JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/40301262>. Kimmich, Allison. “Writing the Body: From Abject to Subject.” a/b: Auto/Biography Studies 13.2 (1998): 223-34. Taylor & Francis. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989575.1998.10815130>. King, Nicola. Memory, Narrative, Identity: Remembering the Self. Edinburg: Edinburg U P, 2000. Print. Kolmar, Wendy K., and Frances Bartkowski, eds. “1975-1985: Introduction.” Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 290-91. Print. ---. “1963-1975: Introduction.” Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 196-97. Print. ---. “1792-1920: Introduction.” Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 62-3. Print. Kulii, Beverly Threatt, Ann E. Reuman, and Ann Trapasso. “Audre Lorde’s Life and Career.” Modern American Poetry. Comp. James Sullivan. U of Illinois, n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. <http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/lorde/life.htm>. Lee, Felicia R. “A Feminist Survivor With the Eyes of a Child.” New York Times. New York Times, 4 July 2000. Web. 26 Dec. 2016. <http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/ 04/books/a-feminist-survivor-with-the-eyes-of-a-child.html>. Lewis, Diane K. “A Response to Inequality: Black Women, Racism, and Sexism.” Signs 3.2 (1977): 339-61. JSTOR. Web. 2 Mar. 2017. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3173288>. Lindenmeyer, Antje. “The Rewriting of Home: Autobiographies by Daughters of Immigrants.” Women’s Studies International Forum 24.3/4 (2001): 423-32. EBSCOhost. Web. 2 Sep. 2016. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edselc&AN=edselc.2-52.0-0034802650&lang=tr&site=eds-live&authtype=ip,uid>. Lionnet, Françoise. “A Politics of the ‘We’?: Autobiography, Race, and Nation.” American Literary History 13.2 (2001): 376-92. Project Muse. Web. 17 Oct. 2016. <https://muse.jhu.edu/article/1924>. Lorde, Audre. The Cancer Journals. 2nd ed. San Francisco: aunt lute books, 1980. Print. ---. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Berkeley: Crossing Press, 2007. Print. ---. Zami: A New Spelling of My Name. Freedom: The Crossing Press, 1982. Print. MacPhail, Scott. “June Jordan and the New Black Intellectuals.” African American Review 33.1 (1999): 57-71. JSTOR. Web. 16 June 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2901301>. Major, William. “Audre Lorde’s The Cancer Journals: Autopathography as Resistance.” Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 35.2 (2002): 39+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i. do?p=LitRC&sw=w&u=hu_tr&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA88583664&asid=092eacad1490da7d0c5eb20194e987a5>. Martin, Biddy. “Lesbian Identity and Autobiographical Difference(s).” Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Eds. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson. Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 380-92. Print. McDowell, Deborah E. “Favorite Son.” Rev. of Soldier: A Poet’s Childhood, by June Jordan. The Women’s Review of Books 18.2 (2000): 1-4. JSTOR. Web. 2 Sep. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/4023524>. McKay, Nellie Y. “The Narrative Self: Race, Politics and Culture in Black American Women’s Autobiography.” Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Eds. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson. Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 96-107. Print. ---. “A Painful Growth Into Selfhood.” Rev. of Zami: A New Spelling of My Name, by Audre Lorde. Callaloo 24 (1985): 491-94. JSTOR. Web. 16 Jan. 2017. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2930987>. “Minstrel Show: American Theatre.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Jan. 2012. Web. 28 Dec. 2016. <https://global.britannica.com/art/minstrel-show>. Morris, Margaret Kissam. “Audre Lorde: Textual Authority and the Embodied Self.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 23.1 (2002): 168-88. JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3347282>. National Organization for Women (NOW). “Statement of Purpose.” Feminist Theory: A Reader. Eds. Wendy K. Kolmar and Frances Bartkowski. 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw- Hill, 2005. 211-13. Print. “The Negro Family: The Case for National Action.” United States Department of Labor. n.d. Web. 21 Jun. 2017. <https://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/webid-meynihan.htm>. Olson, Lester C. “Liabilities of Language: Audre Lorde Reclaiming Difference.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 84.4 (1998): 448-70. Taylor & Francis. Web. 27 Feb. 2017. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00335639809384232>. ---. “On the Margins of Rhetoric: Audre Lorde Transforming Silence into Language and Action.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 83.1 (1997): 47-90. Taylor & Francis. Web. 27 Feb. 2017. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00335639709384171>. “Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).” Our Documents. National Archives, n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2016. <https://ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=52>. Provost, Kara. “Becoming Afrekete: The Trickster in the Work of Audre Lorde.” Melus 20.4 (1995): 45-59. JSTOR. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/467889>. Radicalesbians. “The Woman-Identified Woman.” Feminist Theory: A Reader. Eds. Wendy K. Kolmar and Frances Bartkowski. 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 239-42. Print. Roth, Benita. “Second Wave Black Feminism in the African Diaspora: News from New Scholarship.” Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 58 (2003): 46-58. JSTOR. Web. 26 Oct. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/4548095>. Rowell, Charles H., and Audre Lorde. “Above the Wind: An Interview with Audre Lorde.” Callaloo 23.1 (2000): 52-63. JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3299518>. Scott, Joan W. “Experience.” Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Eds. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson. Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 57-71. Print. Siegel, Deborah L. “The Legacy of the Personal: Generating Theory in Feminism’s Third Wave.” Hypatia 12.3 (1997): 46-75. JSTOR. Web. 17 Oct. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3810222>. Smith, Sidonie. “Autobiographical Manifestos.” Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Eds. Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson. Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 433-40. Print. ---. “Identity’s Body.” Autobiography and Postmodernism. Ed. Ashley Kathleen, Leigh Gilmore and Gerald Peters. Amherst: The U of Massachusetts P, 1994. 266-92. Print. Smith, Sidonie, and Julia Watson. “Introduction: Situating Subjectivity in Women’s Autobiographical Practices.” Women, Autobiography, Theory: A Reader. Wisconsin: U of Wisconsin P, 1998. 3-52. Print. ---. Reading Autobiography: A Guide for Interpreting Life Narratives. 2nd ed. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2010. Print. Springer, Kimberly. “Third Wave Black Feminism?” Signs 27.4 (2002): 1059-1082. JSTOR. Web. 17 Oct. 2016. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/339636>. Thomas, Lynnell. “Beverly-Guy Sheftall (1946- ).” Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers. Ed. Yolanda Williams Page. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2007. 237- 40. Google Books. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. <https://books.google.com/>. Walk, Lori L. “Audre Lorde’s Life Writing: The Politics of Location.” Women’s Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 32.7 (2003): 815-34. Taylor & Francis. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497870390236831>. Wallace, Michele. Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman. London: Verso, 1999. Google Books. Web. 3 Apr. 2016. <https://books.google.com/>. Weathers, Mary Ann. “An Argument for Black Women’s Liberation as a Revolutionary Force.” Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought. Ed. Beverly Guy-Sheftall. New York: The New Press, 1995. 158-61. Google Books. Web. 25 Nov. 2016. <https://books.google.com/?hl=tr>. Weeks, Kathi. “The Vanishing Dialectic: Shulamith Firestone and the Future of the Feminist 1970s.” South Atlantic Quarterly 114.4 (2015): 735-54. Duke University Press. Web. 17 Oct. 2016. <http://saq.dukejournals.org/content/114/4/735.abstract>. Wellington, Darryl Lorenzo. “Audre Lorde: Black, Feminist, Lesbian, Mother, Poet.” The Crisis 111.2 (2004): 51. EBSCOhost. Web. 22 Mar. 2016. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.145761070&lang=tr&site=eds-live&authtype=ip,uid>. Wu, Cynthia. “Marked Bodies, Marking Time: Reclaiming the Warrior in Audre Lorde’s The Cancer Journals.” a/b: Auto/Biography Studies 17.2 (2002): 245-61. Taylor & Francis. Web. 23 Feb. 2017. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989575.2002.10815294>. Xhonneux, Lies. “The Classic Coming Out Novel: Unacknowledged Challenges to the Heterosexual Mainstream.” College Literature 39.1 (2012): 94-118. EBSCOhost. Web. 24 Jan. 2017. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct =true&db=f6h&AN=70063588&site=eds-live&authtype=ip,uid>.