Osmanlı Sefer Lojistiğinde Yaşanan Problemler (1593-1697)

Abstract

This study examines the logistical challenges encountered by the Ottoman Empire during its military campaigns between 1593 and 1697. This period, shaped by prolonged wars against Austria and Persia, provides a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between administrative inefficiencies, environmental factors, and economic constraints. The first chapter explores the impact of rivalries among Ottoman bureaucrats, negligence during military campaigns, and disciplinary issues within the army on logistics. These internal dynamics negatively affected strategic decision-making processes, weakening the success of military operations. Additionally, loyalty crises among vassal states and military units caused significant disruptions in logistical organization. The second chapter focuses on the effects of natural disasters and epidemics on the logistical framework. Harsh geographical and climatic conditions, such as heavy rainfall, floods, and severe winter weather, severely restricted troop movements and supply lines. Moreover, poor hygiene and the spread of diseases emerged as critical factors reducing the combat readiness of the army. For instance, roads turning into muddy swamps due to excessive rainfall significantly hindered the progress of troops, while the harsh cold of winter weakened soldiers both physically and morally. The third chapter investigates the financial pressures brought about by prolonged wars, debasement policies, and challenges in tax collection. Economic hardships led to delays in the payment of military salaries and a loss of discipline, resulting in unrest among soldiers. The devaluation of the currency negatively impacted soldiers’ morale and loyalty. The avarız taxes and the difficulties encountered in their collection increased the financial burden on the populace and triggered social unrest. Arbitrary practices by tax collectors and banditry provoked public discontent in both rural and urban areas. The unjust distribution and arbitrary collection of taxes further exacerbated the economic burden on society, undermining trust in the state and causing widespread social tension. Based on a detailed analysis of archival records and Ottoman chronicles, this study offers a comprehensive perspective on the logistical challenges shaping Ottoman military operations. It emphasizes the critical role of effective governance, stable financial structures, and coherent strategies in maintaining military strength during this transformative period. Furthermore, by revealing the complex interrelationships among internal dynamics, environmental conditions, and economic factors, the study deeply analyzes how these elements influenced the success of Ottoman campaigns.