Özet
Gül, B. Is İt Possible For Girls To Be Empowered With Sports; A Case Study, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences Sports Sciences and Technology Program Graduate Thesis, Ankara, 2024. Sport is a field where self-confident, independent and politically conscious women can be raised, hence the power of sport. The aim of this study is to examine this power of sports in the case of five athletes of the Seka Secondary School Tag Rugby Girls' Team, which became the School Sports Tag Rugby Turkey Champion in 2019, and to reveal the experiences of these athletes' participation in tag rugby and their empowerment processes. The research group consisted of five athletes of the Seka Secondary School Girls' Rugby Team at Kastamonu-Taşköprü Seka Secondary School, the physical education teacher and the former school principal. The research is discussed in the context of Zimmerman's Psychological Empowerment Theory and Lim and Dixon's Women's Empowerment through Sport Participation Theory. The themes of Acquired Skills, Gender Bias and Critical Consciousness, Empowerment Skills, and Resisting Male Dominance in Rugby were analyzed through reflective thematic analysis. In the light of the findings, it was seen that the athletes who participated in the study realized Lim and Dixon's theory and experienced psychological empowerment, and that they challenged gender biases by participating in rugby, a male-dominated sport, which enabled them to have a louder voice.
Künye
1. Anadolu Haber Ajansı. [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 13 Haziran 2024]. Erişim adresi: http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/spor/patlak-topla-gelen-ragbi-sampiyonlugu-tum-ogrencileri-lisansli-sporcu-yapti/3249093
2. Andrews DL, Carrington BA. Companion to sport. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
3. Armstrong L, Hutchison A. Participation in sport, empowerment, and safety from violence: Critiquing the connections through women’s experiences in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Violence against women. 2022;28(3-4):801-822.
4. Arribas, C. Why is it banned for female athletes to get pregnant in Spain? El pais. [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2024]. Erişim adresi: https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2017/03/27/inenglish/1490613973
5. Baciu C, Baciu A. Quality of life and students’ socialization through sport. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 209: 78-83.
6. Baumann E. A scrum of their own: Why women play rugby, and how team culture affects player participation with the American university women’s rugby football club. Washington DC: USA; 2013.
7. Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı İnsani Gelişme Raporu [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 12 Mart 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://www.undp.org/tr/turkiye/publications/ human-development-report-2023
8. Nauright J, Black DR. Sport at the center of power: rugby in South Africa during apartheid. 1998.
9. Blackstone A. Gender Roles and Society. [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 02 Nisan 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine. edu/soc_facpub
10. Blinde EM, Taub DE, Han L. Sport participation and women's personal empowerment: Experiences of the college athlete. Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 1993;17(1):47-60.
11. Blumer H. Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Univ of California Press; 1986.
12. Birrell SJ. Discourses on the gender/sport relationship: From women in sport to gender relations. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 1988;16(1):459-502.
13. Birleşmiş Milletler (BM). Kadınların Güçlendirilmesi. [İnternet]. 2002 [Erişim Tarihi: 05 Ocak 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/csw46/ conclusionsII.pdf
14. Birleşmiş Milletler (BM). Kadının Statüsü Komisyonu. [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Şubat 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://turkiye.un.org/tr/2630 90-guterres
15. Bourdieu P. O poder simbólico. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, 1998. _. A dominação masculina. 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil; 2002.
16. Bradshaw A. Empowerment and sport feminism: A critical analysis. International sports studies. 2002;24(1):5-31.
17. Braun V, Clarke V. Psikolojide tematik analiz kullanımı. Psikolojide nitel araştırma. 2006;3(2):77-101.
18. Braun V, Clarke V. Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health. 2019;11(4):589-597.
19. Braun V, Clarke V. One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis?. Qualitative research in psychology. 2021;18(3):328-352.
20. Braun V, Clarke V. Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern‐based qualitative analytic approaches. Counselling and psychotherapy research. 2021;21(1):37-47.
21. Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE moradi H, vaezi A. lessons learned from Korea: COVID-19 pandemic. 2021;41:873-4.
22. Braun V, Clarke V. One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis?. Qualitative research in psychology. 2021;18(3):328-352.
23. Brace-Govan J. Weighty matters: Control of women's access to physical strength. The Sociological Review. 2004;52(4):503-531.
24. Broad KL. The gendered unapologetic: Queer resistance in women’s sport. Sociology of sport journal, 2001;18(2):181-204.
25. Butler J. Trouble dans le genre: le féminisme et la subversion de l’identité, traduit de l’anglais par Cynthia Kraus. Paris France: La Découverte, 2006.
26. Bureau T. Iranian women and sport: every obstacle an opportunity. [İnternet]. 2015 [Erişim Tarihi: 03 Ekim 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2015/apr/19/iran-women-sports-stadium-competitive-obstacles.
27. Burke PJ, Tully JC. The measurement of role identity. Social forces. 1977;55(4):881-897.
28. Burroughs A, Nauright J. Women's sports and embodiment in Australia and New Zealand. Routledge; 2013. In Sport in Australasian Society; pp. 188-205.
29. Carle A, Nauright J. A man’s game? Women playing rugby union in Australia. Football Studies. 1999;2(1):55-73.
30. Carr ES. Rethinking empowerment theory using a feminist lens: The importance of process. Affilia. 2003;18(1):8-20.
31. Carpenter LJ, Acosta RV. Back to the future: Reform with a woman's voice. Academe: bulletin of the AAUP.1991;77(1):23-27.
32. Castelnuovo S, Guthrie S. Elite women bodybuilders: Models of resistance or compliance?. Play and Culture; 1992.
33. Chalip L. Toward a distinctive sport management discipline. Journal of sport management. 2006;20(1):1-21.
34. Chase LF. (Un) Disciplined bodies: A Foucauldian analysis of women’s rugby. Sociology of sport journal. 2006;23(3):229-247.
35. Clark G, Wright J. Sport, the media and the construction of compulsory heterosexuality: A case study of women's rugby union. International review for the sociology of sport. 1999;34(3):227-243.
36. Crabtree BF, Miller WL. Doing qualitative research. Sage publications; 2023.
37. Creswell WJ. Nitel araştırma yöntemleri beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni. Siyasal Kitabevi; 2016.
38. Coakley JJ. Sport in society: issues and controversies. St.Louis: Mosby; 1994.
39. Corazza M, Dyer JC. A new model for inclusive sports? An evaluation of participants’ experiences of mixed ability rugby. Social Inclusion. 2017;5(2):130-140.
40. Cohen GL. Women in sport: issues and controversies. Sage Publications; 1993.
41. Connell RW. Gender and power Stanford. CA: Stanford Univesity; 1987.
42. Coleman L, Cox L, Roker D. Girls and young women's participation in physical activity: psychological and social influences. Health education research. 2008;23(4):633-647.
43. Crosset T. Male athletes' violence against women: A critical assessment of the athletic affiliation, violence against women debate. Quest. 1999;51(3):244-257.
44. Danylchuk KE, MacLean J. Intercollegiate athletics in Canadian universities: Perspectives on the future. Journal of Sport Management. 2001;15(4):364-379.
45. Dawson V. Women and rugby league: gender, class and community in the North of England, 1880-1970 [Doctoral dissertation]. De Montfort University; 2017.
46. Demren Ç. Erkeklik, ataerkillik ve iktidar ilişkileri. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları; 2003. Toplumsal cinsiyet, sağlık ve kadın; s.33-44.
47. Dunning E. Sport as a male preserve: Notes on the social sources of masculine identity and its transformations. Theory, culture & society. 1986;3(1):79-90.
48. Edwards MB. The role of sport in community capacity building: An examination of sport for development research and practice. Sport management review. 2015;18(1):6-19.
49. Elkins H. Time for a Change: Women's Athletics and the Women's Movement. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 1978;22-25.
50. Ezzell MB. "Barbie Dolls" on the pitch: Identity work, defensive othering, and inequality in women's rugby. Social problems. 2009;56(1):111-131.
51. Evans S. Iran stadium campaigner says women attending match will ‘break a taboo’ [İnternet]. 2019 [Erişim Tarihi: 17 Mayıs 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-soccer-women-exclusive/exclusive-iran-stadium-campaigner-says-women-attending-match-will-break-a-taboo-idUSKBN1WO1JD/
52. Falconer Z. Rugby–a thug’s game played by gentlemen [internet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 13 Mart 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://theperfectgentleman.tv/rugby-a-thugs-game-played-by-gentlemen/
53. Fallon MA, Jome LM. An exploration of gender-role expectations and conflict among women rugby players. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2007;31(3): 311-321.
54. Fernandez-Lasa U, Usabiaga Arruabarrena O, Soler Prat S. Juggling on the court: exploring female Basque pelota players’ experiences and empowerment strategies. Journal of Gender Studies. 2020;29(5):496-507.
55. Frey JH, Eitzen DS. Sport and society. Annual review of sociology. 1991;17(1):503-522.
56. Gençlik Spor Bakanlığı Okul Sporları [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 28 Eylül 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://spor.gsb.gov.tr /okulsportal/SpordaliListesi.aspx?btid=12
57. Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığı Spor Bilgi Sistemi Raporlama Sayfası [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 07 Ekim 2023]. Erişim adresi: spor.gsb.tr/Modules/SicilLisans/Raporlama/ RaporGoruntule.aspx
58. Gıovanna MXD. De in-goal a in-goal: a trajetória de mulheres no Rugby no Brasil. [Doctoral dissertation]. Maringá: Universidade Estadual de Maringá; 2018.
59. Giddens A. Sosyoloji. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları; 2008.
60. Gill DL, Gross JB, Huddleston S. Participation motivation in youth sports. International journal of sport psychology; 1983.
61. Gilroy S, Deem R. Physical activity, life‐long learning and empowerment—situating sport in women's leisure. Sport, Education and Society. 1998;3(1):89-104.
62. Goffman E. The arrangement between the sexes. Theory and society. 1977;4(3):301-331.
63. Goellner SV. Mulheres e esporte: sobre conquistas e desafios. Revista do Observatório Brasil da Igualdade de Gênero. 2012;2(4).
64. Gooegle Haritalar [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2024]. Erişim adresi: https://www.google.com.tr/maps/place/%C3%87%C3 %B6rd%C3%BCk,+37402+%C3 %87%C3%B6rd%C3%BCk%2FTa%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%2FKastamonu/@41.5541519,34.2288776,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x4085a639f6aabe9f:0xabda83477bd74d98!8m2!3d41.550308!4d34.2427981!16s%2Fg%2F120zpfn4?hl=tr&entry=ttu
65. Gül SS, Nizam ÖK. Sosyal bilimlerde söylem ve içerik analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2021;42:181-198.
66. Halbert C. Tough enough and woman enough: Stereotypes, discrimination, and impression management among women professional boxers. Journal of sport and social issues. 1997;21(1):7-36.
67. Hammond-Graf JS. Utilizing Sport as a Vehicle for the Process of Empowerment for Women. Frostburg State University; 2021.
68. Harkness G, Quiroz E, Gomez K. Sports and Qatar's empowered woman narrative. Sociology Compass. 2018;12(11): e12631.
69. Hatipoğlu DA. Sosyal Dışlanma, Sosyal İçerme ve Vatandaşlığın Dönüşümü. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi. 2021;(156):341-374.
70. Helanko R. Sports and Social ization. Acta sociologica. 1957;2(1): 229-240.
71. Hınız G, Yavuz A. Yansıtıcı tematik analiz: Bir doktora tez çalışması örneği. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama. 2023;19(2):388-408.
72. Howe PD. Women’s rugby and the nexus between embodiment, professionalism and sexuality: An ethnographic account. Football Studies. 2001;4(2):77-92.
73. Huang HC, Liu LW, Chang CM, Hsieh HH, Lu HC. The effects of locus of control, agents of socialization and sport socialization situations on the sports participation of women in Taiwan. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;16(10): 1841.
74. Hudson J. Women playing rugby: Rejection of ‘The Girly’by girls. Sexual sports rhetoric: Historical and media contexts of violence; 2010.
75. Höglund K, Sundberg R. Reconciliation through sports? The case of South Africa. Third world quarterly. 2008;29(4):805-818.
76. Jeanıne SE. Binaries and bridging: A feminist analysis of women's rugby participation. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro; 2005.
77. Jhally S. Cultural studies and the sports/media complex. Media, sports, and society. 1989;70-93.
78. Joncheray H, Tlili H. Are there still social barriers to women's rugby?. Sport in Society. 2013;16(6):772-788.
79. Joncheray H, Level M, Richard R. Identity socialization and construction within the French national rugby union women’s team. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 2016;51(2):162-177.
80. Kanemasu Y, Molnar G. Double-trouble: Negotiating gender and sexuality in post-colonial women’s rugby in Fiji. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 2017;52(4):430-446.
81. Kartal N, Demirhan Y. Türkiye'de kentsel yoksulluğun kırsal nedenleri ve çözüm önerileri üzerine. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi. 2014;15(2):135-154.
82. Kastamonu Gazetesi Youtube Kanalı [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hz MQzjYREM
83. Yıldız T. Kastamonu merkez ilçe analizi. Kuzey Anadolu Kalkınma Ajansı; 2013.
84. Kemaloğlu YP, Amman M. Sporda kadınlar ve sorunları. Türkiye Kick Boks Federasyonu Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2009;2(1).
85. Khan S, Fatima H. Empowerıng The Gırls Through Sports Partıcıpatıon: Female Athletes’perspectıve. Journal Of The Career Group Of Colleges Punjab. 2020;1(1):48-55.
86. Unıcef. Kız çocuklarının sporla güçlenmesi projesi [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 22 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.unicef.org/iran/en/press-releases/unicef-and-ministry-sports-and-youth-launch-joint-pilot-project-empower-%E2%80%8Eadolescents.
87. Globalgiving. Empowering girls through sports Project [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Adresi: 22 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/girls-in-the-lead/.
88. Sportanddev. Empowering girls through sports Project [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 22 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.sportanddev.org/latest/news /program-empower-women-through-sport-new-call-projects-fifa-and-giz
89. Kleindienst-Cachay C, Heckemeyer K. Women in male domains of sport. International Journal of Eastern Sports & Physical Education. 2008;6(1):14-37.
90. Kocatürk E. Aims and experiences of Turkish woman rugby players and their coaches [Master's thesis]. Middle East Technical University; 2019.
91. Kumari N, Das D, Dixit A, Vivek. The Missing Gender: Examining the Barriers to Women’s Participation in Sports in India. Business Perspectives and Research. 2023.
92. Kwauk CT. Empowering girls through sport: A gender transformative approach to life skills?. Life skills education for youth: Critical perspectives; 2022.
93. Lather P. Critical frames in educational research: Feminist and post‐structural perspectives. Theory into practice. 1992;31(2):87-99.
94. Levermore R, Beacom A. Sport and development: Mapping the field. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2009. Sport and international development; p. 1-25.
95. Lim SY, Dixon MA. A conceptual framework of sport participation and women’s empowerment. Managing Sport and Leisure. 2017;22(5):400-413.
96. Lindgren EC, Tebelius U, Fridlund B. The impact of sport on young women’s attitude to physical activity in adult life. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal. 2000;9(1): 65-86.
97. Lowen A, Deaner RO, Schmitt E. Guys and gals going for gold: The role of women’s empowerment in Olympic success. Journal of Sports Economics. 2016;17(3):260-285.
98. MacKinnon CA. Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. Harvard UP; 1987
99. Masocha V, Mugari. A. Sport and Racial Inequality: An Analysis of Pre-Independence Zimbabwe (1890-1979). 2015.
100. Mayoh J, Jones I, Prince S. Women's experiences of embodied identity through active Leisure. Leisure Sciences. 2020;42(2):170-184.
101. Mayring P. Qualitative content analysis forum qualitative sozialforschung. Forum: qualitative social research. 2000;1(2):2.
102. Meijers A. Tackling stereotypes: A study of female and women rugby players’ negotiations of male hegemony in rugby culture [Master's thesis]. Universiteit Utrecht; 2021.
103. Metheny E. Connotations of movement in sport and dance: A collection of speeches about sport and dance as significant forms of human behavior. 1965.
104. Moawad J. Gender inequality in sports. FairPlay, Revista de Filosofia, Ética y Derecho del Deporte. 2019;(13):28-53.
105. MwambwA I. Experiences of Girls in Physical Education Activities in Selected Secondary Schools in Mongu District, Zambia [Doctoral dissertation]. The University of Zambia; 2022.
106. Moura GX, Starepravo FA, Rojo JR, Teixeira D, Moraes M. Mulher e esporte: o preconceito com as atletas de Rugby da cidade de Maringá-PR. Motrivivência. 2017;29(50):17-30.
107. Nauright J. Ragi League [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 14 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.britannica.com/sports/rugby/ Rugby-league#ref261308
108. Nauright J, Chandler TJL. Making men: Rugby and masculine identity (Vol. 10). Psychology Press; 1996
109. Nazeer MT, Ilyas M, Butt ZI, Gill SA, Shoaib Y, Rabia MF, ve ark. Impact of fitness awareness on physical fitness and exercise activities of visitors in public parks. Science International (Lahore). 2016;28(5):99-102.
110. Neilson L. Taking the pom-poms away: An educational psychologist's view of women and sport. Postow C.B. Women, philosophy, and sport: a collection of new essays. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press; 1983.
111. Njororai WWS. Gender and sport socialization in Kenya. Journal of Eastern African Research & Development, 1996;24-31.
112. Oliveira FVCD, Altmann H, Marques RFR. The women inclusion on rugby: perceptions of Brazilian national team players. Motriz: revista de educação física. 2019;25(3):e101922.
113. Okaka W, Nagasha IJ. Communication for Gender Equality Issues in Physical Activity and Sports for SDG 5 in Africa. Kenya: Kenyatta Unıversıty Naırobı; 2016.
114. Oktan A. Türk sinemasında hegemonik erkeklikten erkeklik krizine: Yazı-Tura ve erkeklik bunalımının sınırları. Selçuk İletişim. 2008;5(2):152-166.
115. Okul Sporları Yönetmeliği [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 29 Nisan 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/
116. Okul Spor Faaliyetleri Ragbi Spor Dalı Uygulama Esasları [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 29 Nisan 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://spor.gsb.gov.tr/public/OkulSporlari/2023/ 9/13/20232024%20Ragbi%20Spor%20DaIi%20Uygulama%20Esaslari_638302051118209084.pdf
117. Oxford S, McLachlan F. “You Have to Play Like a Man, But Still be a Woman”: young female colombians negotiating gender through participation in a sport for development and peace (SDP) organization. Sociology of Sport Journal. 2018;35(3):258-267.
118. Özkan K. Profesyonel Kadın Ragbi Oyuncularında Kimlik İnşası [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi; 2022.
119. Paul J. Sport and Bodily Empowerment: Female Athletes' Experiences with Roller Derby, Mixed Martial Arts, and Rugby. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences. 2015;6(4).
120. Patika.docs Herkese Açık İnstagram Sayfası [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 03 Mart 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://www.instagram.com/patika.docs/
121. Patlak basketbol topuyla antrenmandan ragbi şampiyonluğuna [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: ttps://www.eurosport.com.tr/ragbi/patlak-basketbol-topuyla-antrenmandan-ragbi-sampiyonluguna-kastamonu-seka-kiz-mert-demircioglu_sto7335291/story.shtml
122. Perkins DD, Zimmerman MA. Empowerment theory, research, and application. American journal of community psychology. 1995;23:569-579.
123. Pescaru M. The importance of the socialization process for the integration of the child in the society. Revista Universitară de Sociologie. 2018;14(2):18-26.
124. Pomohaci M, Sopa IS. The importance of socialization through sport in students group integration. Land Forces Academy Review. 2016;21(2):151.
125. Ragbi (Bir Öğretmenin Hayali) / Rugby (A Teacher's Dream) [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 03 Mart 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =g6kJCiNNhg0
126. Ragbi kurallar ve gelişimi [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 27 Nisan 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://trf.gov.tr/uploads/belgeler/Ragbi-talimat/ragbi_kurallar_ve_gelisimi.pdf
127. Raw K, BExSc BH. Sport for Social Cohesion: Exploring Management and Impacts; 2018.
128. Reiche D. The Multinational Qatari Women’s Rugby Team. Routledge Handbook of Sport in the Middle East; 2022.
129. Richardson RA. Measuring women’s empowerment: A critical review of current practices and recommendations for researchers. Social Indicators Research. 2018;137(2):539-557.
130. Riordan J. Some Comparisons of Women's Sport in East and West. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 1985;20(1-2):117-126.
131. Rochelle E, Harvey J, Charity M, Westerbeek H. Participation of Australian women and girls in traditionally male-dominated sports 2016-2018. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 2022;14(3):545-561.
132. Rookwood J, Palmer C. Invasion games in war‐torn nations: can football help to build peace?. Soccer & Society. 2011;12(2):184-200.
133. Röge U, Rütten A, Frahsa A, Abu-Omar K, Morgan A. Differences in individual empowerment outcomes of socially disadvantaged women: effects of mode of participation and structural changes in a physical activity promotion program. International Journal of Public Health. 2011;56:465-473.
134. Rugby Blog [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 26 Şubat 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://www.centurion-rugby.com/blogs/rugby?page=2
135. Sandford RA, Armour KM, Warmington PC. Re‐engaging disaffected youth through physical activity programmes. British educational research journal. 2006;32(2):251-271.
136. Sandra L. Hanson and Rebecca S. Kraus. Women, sports, and science: Do female athletes have an advantage?. Sociology of Education. 1998:93-110.
137. Sabbage L. Playing the Field [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 4 Haziran 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://www.broadsheet.com.au/sydney/ entertainment/article/playing-field
138. Schwalbe ML, Mason-Schrock D. Identity work as group process. Advances in group processes. 1996;13(113):47.
139. Shaw SM. Conceptualizing resistance: Women's leisure as political practice. Journal of leisure research. 2001;33(2):186-201.
140. Sheard K, Maguire J, Dunning E. Barbarians, gentlemen and players: A sociological study of the development of rugby football. Routledge; 2013.
141. Sisjord MK, Kristiansen E. Elite women wrestlers' muscles: Physical strength and a social burden. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 2009;44(2-3):231-246.
142. Smith BM, Sparkes AC. Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise (pp. 103-123). London: Routledge; 2016
143. Spaaij R, Magee J, Jeanes R. Urban youth, worklessness and sport: A comparison of sports-based employability programmes in Rotterdam and Stoke-on-Trent. Urban studies, 2013;50(8):1608-1624.
144. Kollektif. Spor Kitabı. İstanbul: NTV Yayınları; 2008.
145. Smith B, McGannon KR. Developing rigor in qualitative research: Problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International review of sport and exercise psychology, 2018;11(1):101-121.
146. Simons H. Case study research in practice. London: SAGE; 2009.
147. Anocolympic. Spor Yoluyla Kızları Güçlendirme Projesi [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 9 Ekim 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.anocolympic.org/noc-highlights/empowering-girls-through-sport-project/
148. Stake R. Case study research. thousand oaks. CA: Sage; 1995.
149. Streetman AE, Lister MM, Brown A, Brin HN, Heinrich KM. A mixed-methods study of women’s empowerment through physical activities: relationships with self-efficacy and physical activity levels. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2023;8(3): 118.
150. Stronach M, Maxwell H, Pearce S. Indigenous Australian women promoting health through sport. Sport Management Review. 2019;22(1):5-20.
151. Sugden J. Teaching and playing sport for conflict resolution and co-existence in Israel. International review for the sociology of sport. 2006;41(2):221-240.
152. Symons K, Breitbarth T, Zubcevic-Basic N, Wilson K, Sherry E, Karg A. The (un) level playing field: Sport media during COVID-19. European sport management quarterly. 2022;22(1):55-71.
153. Snyder EE, Kivlin JE. Women athletes and aspects of psychological well-being and body image. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 1975;46(2):191-199.
154. Taşköprü Milli Eğitim Seka Ortaokulu [İnternet]. 2024 [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Nisan 2024]. Erişim adresi: https://taskopru.meb.gov.tr/www/seka-ortaokulu-ragbide-turkiye-sampiyonu-oldu/icerik/511
155. Theberge N. Sport and women's empowerment. Women's Studies International Forum. 1987;10(4):387-393.
156. Thorp T. She shoots, and she scores: women and sports in Samoa; 2014.
157. Thompson AM, Humbert ML, Mirwald RL. A longitudinal study of the impact of childhood and adolescent physical activity experiences on adult physical activity perceptions and behaviors. Qualitative Health Research. 2003;13(3):358-377.
158. Tracy SJ. Qualitative quality: Eight “big-tent” criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative inquiry. 2010;16(10):837-851.
159. Turan K. Kırsal alanda kız çocuklarının sporla güçlendirilmesi: Eziler köyü örneği [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Denizli: Pamukkale Üniversitesi; 2023.
160. Türkiye Ragbi Federasyonu Bütçe Sunumu [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 08 Aralık 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://trf.gov.tr/uploads/B%C3%9 CTCESUNUM/turkiye-ragbi-federasyonu-2023-butce-sunumu-pdfi.pdf
161. Türkiye Ragbi Federasyonu Müsabaka Sonuçları [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 22 Aralık 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://trf.gov.tr/app/rugbyapp/index.php
162. Türkiye Ragbi Federasyonu Ragbi Tarihçesi [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 22 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://trf.gov.tr/tarihcesi/
163. Türkiye Olimpiyat Komitesi. Sporla Güçlen projesi [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 22 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.olimpiyatkomitesi.org.tr/Haber-Detay/Sporla-Guclen-Projesi/11633
164. Ulusal Olimpiyat Komiteleri Birliği, Empowering Girls Through Sport Project [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 22 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.anocolympic.org/noc-highlights/empowering-girls-through-sport-project/
165. Ulusal Olimpiyat Komiteleri Birliği, Empowering Girls Through Sport Project [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.topendsports.com/ sport/list/rugby-tag.htm
166. Unesco Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.unesco.org.tr/ Pages/108/219/S%C3%BCrd%C3% BCr%C3%BClebilir-Kalk%C4%B1nma-2030-Hedefleri-%C4%B0htisas-Komitesi
167. Koca C. Üç Kuşak Kadının (Kızlar, Anneler ve Anneanneler) Spor ve Fiziksel Aktivite Deneyimlerinin Sosyo-Ekolojik Model Çerçevesinde Feminist Kültürel Çalışmalar Yaklaşımıyla İncelenmesi. Koç Üniversite, Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Kadın Çalışmaları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (KOÇ KAM); 2013.
168. Velija P, Mierzwinski M, Fortune L. ‘It made me feel powerful’: women’s gendered embodiment and physical empowerment in the martial arts. Leisure studies. 2013;32(5): 524-541.
169. Verma S. Gender Inequalıty In Sports: A Student's Perspectıve. Sports Scier Indian Journal of Phys. 2019;9(2):60-67.
170. Yin RK. Case study research design and methods third edition. Applied social research methods series 5;2003
171. Zimmerman MA. Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American journal of community psychology. 1995;23:581-599.
172. Zimmerman MA. Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational and community levels of analysis. Boston, MA: Springer US. 2000; Handbook of community psychology; p. 43-63.
173. Zimmerman MA, Israel BA, Schulz A, Checkoway B. Further explorations in empowerment theory: An empirical analysis of psychological empowerment. American journal of community psychology. 1992;20:707-727.
174. Wangari G, Wango G, Kimani E. Challenges faced by women football players who participate in Football Leagues. Journal of developing country studies. 2017;2(1):13-35.
175. West C, Zimmerman DH. Doing Gender Gender and Society. 1987;1(2):125-151.
176. Wenner LA. Sport, beer, and gender: Promotional culture and contemporary social life. Peter Lang; 2009.
177. Wheatley EE. Subcultural diversions: comparing discourses on sexuality in men's and women's rugby songs; 1994.
178. Wheaton B, Tomlinson A. The changing gender order in sport? The case of windsurfing subcultures. Journal of sport and social issues. 1998;22(3):252-274.
179. Women Rugby Union [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 18 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.women.rugby/
180. XManşet Şampiyonanın en değerlisi köyde çiftçi, okulda öğrenci [İnternet]. 2023 [Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2023]. Erişim adresi: https://www.mansetx.com/spor/sampiyonanin-en-degerlisi-koyde-ciftci-okulda-ogrenci-h157492.html