Khaosmos'un Ontolojisi: Spinoza, Saussure ve Deleuze'ün Kesişiminde Felsefe İçin Yeni Olanaklar Üretmek

Abstract

In light of the two-edged problem caused by philosophical aspirations to bring thought to either an absolute cosmos or an absolute chaos, this study will develop an ontology of chaosmos that will liberate both chaos and cosmos from their absoluteness, bringing them into symbiotic relationships of varying degrees. We will thereby generate new semantic potentialities, in contradistinction to philosophical tendencies that turn a blind eye to intermediacies. In the introductory part of the study, in an attempt to exemplify the aforementioned two-edged problem in the history of philosophy, we will first examine Hegel, who represents the desire to reach absolute cosmos, after which we will examine Nietzsche, who represents the desire to reach absolute chaos. Next, we will outline our proposed solution to this problem by bringing chaos and cosmos into varying degrees of symbiotic relationship. In the first chapter of the study, we will demonstrate how we can attenuate Spinoza’s system, which is often regarded by interpreters to be a unique example of absolute cosmos. In this chapter, Spinoza’s design of cosmos will be attenuated by the disclosure of the moments of chaos that reside in it, which will lead us to the first aspect of the ontology of chaosmos, namely, the aspect of the cosmos oriented towards chaos. In the second chapter of the study, we will find a way to construct the attenuated spaces of cosmos, which will remove chaos from its absoluteness, via the method of structuralism founded and developed by Saussure and his successors. To this end, we will first come up with answers to questions that remain unanswered by opponents of structuralism—questions such as “What is structuralism?” and “How can different structuralist theories be distinguished from each other?”. These answers will lead us to the second aspect of the ontology of chaosmos, that is, the aspect of the chaos oriented towards cosmos. In the third chapter of the study, we will apprehend chaos and cosmos, previously considered merely as elements oriented towards one another, as a chaosmos that simultaneously interacts with itself and thus as something that both unites and separates. With the help of the philosophy of Deleuze, whom we will stiffen by highlighting his proximity to structuralism and attenuate by pointing out his differences with Guattari, we will arrive at this third aspect of the ontology of chaosmos, namely, the view of the chaosmos that unites and separates. In conclusion, we will focus on the question of how the three aspects of the ontology of chaosmos offer potentialities for philosophy. We will conclude namely that we can thereby attenuate rigid structures, that we can liberate abyssal spaces of thought from their absolute depth, and that we can separate or relate different models of thought by means of the sequences of meaning and meaninglessness encountered in them.