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Türkiye'nin Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği Kaynaklı Sera Gazı Emisyonlarının Değerlendirilmesi

dc.contributor.advisorUğurlu, Ayşenur
dc.contributor.authorTokay, Zeynep
dc.date.accessioned2018-12-26T10:14:21Z
dc.date.issued2018
dc.date.submitted2018
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dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11655/5461
dc.description.abstractClimate change is one of the most important problems nowadays affects the existence of living beings. One of the basic factors that cause climate change is greenhouse gas. The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to global warming over time. The greenhouse gases which affect global warming may be listed mainly as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Agricultural production has 10 to 12 percent share in total amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases which emerge directly from agricultural activities are nitrous oxide and methane. Compared to carbon dioxide, it is known that methane has 25 times and nitrous oxide has 298 times more greenhouse effect. Within the scope of agricultural activities, rice cultivation takes its place as the next largest source of methane after enteric fermentation. Besides, nitrous oxide is produced in rice fields by nitrification and denitrification. Rice cultivation is one of the important agricultural activities practiced in the world and in Turkey. In this study, the amounts of methane (CH4) emissions from rice cultivation between 2004 and 2017 were calculated according to TUİK rice statistics for 10 provinces where 94.8% of total amount of rice is harvested in Turkey by using the Tier 1 method which had been proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) in 2006 guide and the effects of applied water regimes during rice cultivation on the amount of methane (CH4) emissions were specified. Total annual emissions from rice cultivation in Turkey were calculated as 167 kilotons of CO2 equivalent in 2017, and 137 kilotons of CO2 equivalent in 2007. Based on the evaluations in 10 provinces where 94.8% of total amount of rice is harvested in Turkey, these values show that the total amount of the CH4 emissions from rice cultivation is increased by 21.4% in ten years. The province with the most methane emissions from rice cultivation was identified to be Edirne with 73.5 kilotons of CO2 equivalent a year. This amount equals to 44.01% of the total emissions. Edirne is followed by Samsun, Balıkesir, Çanakkale, and Çorum. Among 10 provinces evaluated, the province with the lowest amount of emission was Tekirdağ. The effects of different water regimes practiced in rice cultivation on the amount of the methane (CH4) emissions from rice cultivation in Turkey have also been estimated in the study. As a result of the calculations, it has been predicted that the intermittently flooded water regime with multiple aerations had the potential of decreasing CH4 emissions by 13.4% compared to the flooded regime with single aeration and 48% compared to the continuously flooded water regime. Among the practices before rice cultivation period, it has also been calculated that the water regime which was non-flooded pre-season>180 days had the potential of decreasing CH4 emissions by 32% compared to the one which was non-flooded pre-season<180 days and 64.2% compared to the one which was flooded pre-season. In compliance with these results, it has been predicted that the lowest amount of CH4 emissions was observed when the fields are intermittently flooded with multiple aerations during rice cultivation period and non-flooded pre-season>180 days before the cultivation period. It has been calculated that approximately 1063.86 kilotons of annual CO2 equivalent emissions emerged in 10 provinces where total amount of N2O emitted directly and indirectly from rice cultivation in 2017. In conclusion, evaluations in 10 provinces where 94.8% of total amount of rice is harvested in Turkey show that the amount of total annual greenhouse gas emissions from rice cultivation was calculated to be 1230.86 kilotons of CO2 equivalent in 2017. Edirne has been determined as the province where the most amount of annual emissions from rice cultivation had emerged with 562.2 kilotons of CO2 equivalent. It seems possible to decrease greenhouse gas emissions from rice cultivation to lower levels by applications such as practicing zero-tillage farming, using fermented and nitrification-preventive or slow-release fertilizers, and choosing the type of rice besides water regime methods.tr_TR
dc.description.tableofcontentsÖZET i ABSTRACT iii TEŞEKKÜR v İÇİNDEKİLER vi ŞEKİLLER viii ÇİZELGELER x SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR xii 1. GİRİŞ 1 1.1. Çalışmanın Amacı 2 1.2. Çalışma Yöntemi ve Planı 2 2. GENEL BİLGİLER 4 2.1. Tarım Kaynaklı Sera Gazı Emisyonları 4 2.2. Dünya’da Tarım Kaynaklı Sera Gazı Emisyonları 5 2.3. Türkiye’de Tarım Kaynaklı Sera Gazı Emisyonları 7 2.4. Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği 10 2.5. Dünyada Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği 18 2.6. Türkiye'de Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği 19 2.7. Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği Kaynaklı Sera Gazı Emisyonları 24 2.8. Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği Kaynaklı Sera Gazı Emisyonlarını Azaltmak için Uygulanabilecek Yöntemler 27 2.9. Hükümetlerarası İklim Değişikliği Paneli (IPCC) 35 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM 38 3.1. Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği Kaynaklı Sera Gazı Emisyonları Hesaplama Yöntemi 38 3.2. Nitröz Oksit (N2O) Gazı Emisyonları Hesaplama Yöntemi 49 4. TÜRKİYE’NİN ÇELTİK YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİ KAYNAKLI SERA GAZI EMİSYONLARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ 57 4.1. Türkiye’nin Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği Kaynaklı Metan (CH4) Gazı Emisyon Sonuçları 58 4.2. Çeltik Yetiştiriciliğinde Uygulanan Farklı Su Rejimlerinin Türkiye’nin Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği Kaynaklı Metan (CH4) Gazı Emisyon Miktarına Etkisi 60 4.3. Yetiştirme Dönemindeki Su Rejimlerine Göre Metan (CH4) Gazı Emisyon Miktarları 60 4.4. Türkiye’nin Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği Kaynaklı Nitröz Oksit (N2O) Gazı Emisyon Sonuçları 63 4.5. Türkiye’nin Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği Kaynaklı Toplam Sera Gazı Emisyonları Sonuçları 66 4.6. Tartışma 68 SONUÇLAR 82 KAYNAKLAR 86 EKLER 93 ÖZGEÇMİŞ 94tr_TR
dc.language.isoturtr_TR
dc.publisherFen Bilimleri Enstitüsütr_TR
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesstr_TR
dc.subjectKüresel Isınma, Sera Gazları, Metan, Nitröz Oksit, Tarım, Çeltik, IPCC 2006, Su Rejimitr_TR
dc.titleTürkiye'nin Çeltik Yetiştiriciliği Kaynaklı Sera Gazı Emisyonlarının Değerlendirilmesitr_TR
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesistr_TR
dc.description.ozetİklim değişikliği günümüzde canlı yaşamını etkileyen en önemli problemler arasında yer almaktadır. İklim değişikliğine neden olan temel etkenlerden biri de sera gazlarıdır. Sera gazlarının zaman içinde atmosferde birikimi küresel ısınmaya neden olmaktadır. Küresel ısınmaya etki eden temel sera gazları; karbondioksit (CO2), metan (CH4) ve nitröz oksit (N2O) olarak sıralanabilir. Toplam sera gazı emisyonunda tarımsal üretimin payı %10-12 arasındadır. Doğrudan tarımsal faaliyetler sonucunda ortaya çıkan sera gazları nitröz oksit (N2O) ve metan (CH4) gazlarıdır. Karbondioksite oranla metanın 25 kat, nitröz oksitin ise 298 kat daha fazla sera etkisinin olduğu bilinmektedir. Tarımsal faaliyetler kapsamında enterik fermantasyondan sonra çeltik yetiştiriciliği en büyük metan kaynağı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Aynı zamanda çeltik alanlarında nitrifikasyon ve denitrifikasyonla nitröz oksit (N2O) gazı üretimi olmaktadır. Çeltik yetiştiriciliği, dünyada ve Türkiye’de yer alan önemli tarım faaliyetlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada, TUİK çeltik verilerine göre 2017 yılında Türkiye çeltik hasadının %94.8’inin gerçekleştiği 10 il için 2004-2017 yılları arasında çeltik yetiştiriciğinden kaynaklanan metan (CH4) ve nitröz oksit (N2O) gazı emisyon miktarları, Hükümetler arası İklim Değişikliği Paneli (IPCC) 2006 rehberinde önerilen Tier 1 yöntemi kullanılarak hesaplanmış ve çeltik yetiştiriciliğinde uygulanan su rejimlerinin metan (CH4) gazı emisyon miktarına etkisi belirlenmiştir. Değerlendirilen 10 ilin çeltik yetiştiriciliği kaynaklı toplam CH4 emisyonu 2017 yılı için yaklaşık 167 kt/yıl CO2 eşdeğeri, 2007 yılı için ise 137.5 kt CO2 eşdeğeri olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu durum Türkiye’de çeltik hasadının %94.8’inin gerçekleştiği 10 ilin çeltik yetiştiriciliği kaynaklı toplam CH4 emisyonunun 10 yıl içinde %21.4 oranında arttığını göstermektedir. Türkiye’de 2017 yılı çeltik yetiştiriciliği kaynaklı metan gazı emisyonunun en fazla olduğu il 73.5 kt CO2e/yıl ile Edirne olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu miktar 10 il için belirlenen toplam emisyon miktarının %44.01’ini oluşturmaktadır. Edirne ilini Samsun, Balıkesir, Çanakkale ve Çorum izlemektedir. Değerlendirilen 10 il içinde metan emisyon miktarının en düşük olduğu il ise Tekirdağ’dır. Bu çalışmada, ek olarak çeltik yetiştiriciliğinde uygulanan farklı su rejimlerinin, çeltik yetiştiriciliği kaynaklı metan (CH4) gazı emisyon miktarına etkisi tahmin edilmiştir. Hesaplamalar sonucu, kesikli sulanan–birden fazla havalandırma su rejiminin sürekli sulanan’a göre %48, kesikli sulanan–tek havalandırma’ya göre %13.4 oranında CH4 emisyonunu azaltma potansiyeli olduğu öngörülmüştür. Aynı zamanda çeltik yetiştirme dönemi öncesinde uygulanan sezon öncesi sulanmayan>180 gün su rejiminin sezon öncesi sulanmayan<180 gün’e göre %32, sezon öncesinde sulanan>30 gün’e göre %64.2 oranında CH4 emisyonunu azaltma potansiyeli olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Bu sonuçlara göre çeltik yetiştirme döneminde kesikli sulanan–birden fazla havalandırma; yetiştirme dönemi öncesinde ise sezon öncesi sulanmayan>180 gün su rejimleri uygulandığında en düşük CH4 emisyonunun ortaya çıktığı öngörülmüştür. Nitröz oksit emisyonu (N2O) için yapılan hesaplamalarda, değerlendirilen10 ilin çeltik yetiştiriciliği kaynaklı doğrudan ve dolaylı toplam N2O emisyonu 2017 yılı için yaklaşık 1063.86 kt CO2e/yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye çeltik hasadının %94.8’inin gerçekleştiği 10 ilin 2017 yılı çeltik yetiştiriciliği kaynaklı toplam sera gazı (CH4 ve N2O) emisyonu yaklaşık 1230.86 kt CO2e/yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Edirne ili toplamda yaklaşık 562.2 kt CO2e/yıl ile en fazla çeltik yetiştiriciliği kaynaklı sera gazı emisyonun olduğu il olarak belirlenmiştir. Çeltik yetiştiriciliği kaynaklı sera gazı emisyonlarının, su rejimi yönetimiyle birlikte toprak işlemesiz tarım, fermente gübre kullanımı, nitrifikasyonu önleyici veya yavaş salınımlı gübre kullanımı, çeltik çeşidinin seçimi gibi uygulamalarla daha düşük seviyeye indirilebileceği mümkün görünmektedir.tr_TR
dc.contributor.departmentÇevre Mühendisliğitr_TR
dc.contributor.authorID10218920tr_TR
dc.embargo.termsAcik erisimtr_TR
dc.embargo.lift2018-12-26T10:14:21Z


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