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dc.contributor.advisorEroğlu , Hakan
dc.contributor.authorHaidar , Mohammad Karim
dc.date.accessioned2018-11-13T11:19:03Z
dc.date.issued2018-11-13
dc.date.submitted2018-10-22
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dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11655/5367
dc.descriptionThis study was supported by TÜBİTAK-1001 Scientific Project with the number 115 S 202.tr_TR
dc.description.abstractHAIDAR Mohammad Karim, Development of Nano-formulations Containing Neuroprotective Active Ingredient and Evaluation of Efficiency in Peripheral Nerve Injury Model, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ph.D. Thesis in Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Ankara, 2018. Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the common traumas. Causes of acquired peripheral neuropathy include physical injury, diseases or disorders, exposure to toxins etc. Depending on nature and severity of injury, several therapeutic methods have been proposed. Crush injury is the most common type (80% of PNI) of PNI and decompression is the only way for treatment. However, the outcome of this treatment method is not satisfactory. Therefore, accelerating the curative process by additional treatment is strongly required. The aim of this thesis is to develop a novel polymeric composite nanofiber which containing nanoparticles for dual and localized delivery of neuroprotective drugs for accelerating regeneration process of peripheral nerve injury. For this purpose, alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and atorvastatin calcium (ATR) were used as neuroprotective agents. At first step ATR loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by Nano Spray drying method. At the second step, Nano Spray dryed ATR loaded chitosan nanoparticles were suspended into solution of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and ALA. The resulting mixture was exposed to electrospinning and electrospun nanocomposites were collected for further study. After characterization of these formulations, regrading to composition of formulation, selected formulation was used subsequently and implanted into animal model of sciatic nerve trauma. Trauma was formed with the compression method in Sprague Dawley rats. The motor function and sensory tests in the post-surgery stage revealed significant improvement in the regeneration process of nerve injury in the treated animals. The ultrastructural examination of sciatic nerve tissues samples at different timepoints also implies that the number of normal myelinated axons were increased in the treatment groups. The determination of pro-inflammatory cytokines also supported the effectiveness of the developed formulation. As the conclusion of this study, we might state that ATR loaded chitosan nanoparticles that are embedded in ALA containing nanofibers could be promising drug delivery systems for neuroprotection after peripheral sciatic nerve injury, especially depending on the faster recovery within the first 15 days period after trauma.en
dc.description.sponsorshiptubitaktr_TR
dc.description.tableofcontentsCONFIRMATION PAG. iii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI iv ETHICAL DECLARATIO v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi ABSTRACT vii ÖZET viii CONTENTS ix SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xv FIGURES xvii TABLES xxi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. GENERAL INFORMATION 3 2.1.HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM 3 2.2.PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 3 2.3.NERVOUS SYSTEM CELL 4 2.3.1 Neuron 4 2.3.2 Types of Neurons 5 2.3.3 Neuroglia 8 2.4. PERIPHERAL NERVE FIBERS 9 2.5. ACTION POTENTIAL 13 2.6. PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY 14 2.6.1 Classification 15 2.6.2 Response of Nerve After Injury 17 2.6.3 Inflammatory Response 19 2.6.4 Nerve Regeneration 20 2.7. NANOFIBER 22 2.7.1 Fabrication of Polymeric Nanofibers 23 2.7.2 Electrospinning Technique 24 2.7.3 Electrospinning Variables 25 2.7.4 Physical Strength of Nanofibrous Scaffold 28 2.7.5 Degradation of Nanofibers 28 2.7.6 Drug Loading into Nanofibers 29 2.7.7 Post-Treatment of Nanofibers 29 2.7.8 Electrospinning of Blend Drugs and Polymer 30 2.7.9 Coaxial Electrospinning 30 2.7.10 Emulsion Electrospinning 31 2.7.11 Electrospinning Setup Modification 31 2.7.12 Drug Release Kinetics 32 2.7.13 Application 33 2.7.14 Drug Delivery Applications 33 2.7.15 Local Delivery of Antibiotics Other Than Wound-Dressing Purposes 35 2.7.16 Antibiotic Loaded Nanofibers for Wound Dressings Applications 35 2.7.17 Local Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Agents 36 2.8. PREPARATION TECHNIQUES OF POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES 37 2.8.1 Nanoprecipitation (Solvent Displacement) 38 2.8.2 Coacervation Method 38 2.8.3 Ionic Gelation Method 39 2.8.4 Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticle Based on The Emulsification. 39 2.8.5 W/O Emulsification 40 2.8.6 Emulsification-Solvent Evaporation 40 2.8.7 Emulsification-Solvent Diffusion 40 2.8.8 Salting-Out Method 41 2.8.9 Nano Spray Drying Method 41 2.9. NEUROPROTECTIVE DRUGS 44 2.9.1 Atorvastatin Calcium 44 2.9.2 Alpha Lipoic Acid 46 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 49 3.1. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 49 3.1.1 Chemical Reagents 49 3.1.2 Equipment 50 3.2. METHODS 51 3.2.1 Development and Validation of Revers Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography System Method for ALA and ATR 51 3.2.2 Selection of Initial RP-HPLC Conditions for Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of ALA and ATR 51 3.2.3 Preparation of Buffer and Stock Solution 51 3.2.4 Method Validation 52 3.2.5 Formulation of Atorvastatin Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles by Nano Spray Drying Method 55 3.2.6 Preparation of Atorvastatin Calcium/Chitosan Nanoparticles 55 3.2.7 Nanoparticle Characterization 57 3.2.8 In-Vitro Release Studies ATR loaded CH Nanoparticles 59 3.2.9 Cell Culture Studies 59 3.3. OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTROSPINNING PARAMETERS FOR PLGA NANOFIBER. 60 3.4. FABRICATION OF POLY (LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA) AND CH ELECTROSPUN COMPOSITE NANOFIBER 62 3.4.1 Characterization of PLGA/CH Electrospun Composite Nanofiber Formulation 63 3.4.2 In-Vitro Release Studies of PLGA/CH Composite Nanofiber Sheet 66 3.4.3 Cytotoxicity Studies of PLGA/CH Composite Nanofiber Sheet. 66 3.4.4 Stability Test 67 3.5. IN-VIVO EXPERIMENTS 68 3.5.1 Experimental Groups and Surgical Procedure 68 3.5.2 Surgical Procedure 68 3.5.3 Assessment of Functional Recovery 70 3.5.4 Ultrastructural Examination 72 3.6. BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 73 3.6.1 Preparation of Samples 73 3.6.2 Determination of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 Levels 73 3.7. IN-VITRO MODELS OF NEUROTRAUMA/ORGANOTYPIC SPINAL CORD CULTURE 74 3.8. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 75 4. RESULTS 76 4.1. RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION 76 4.1.1 Instrument Precision (Injector Repeatability) 78 4.1.2 Linearity and Range 78 4.1.3 Sensitivity 80 4.1.4 Precision and Accuracy 80 4.1.5 Specificity (Selectivity) 81 4.1.6 Robustness 82 4.1.7 Stability Test 86 4.2. FORMULATION OF ATORVASTATIN LOADED CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES BY NANO SPRAY DRYING METHOD 86 4.2.1 Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles 86 4.2.2 In-Vitro Release Studies 92 4.2.3 Cell Viability 93 4.3. OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTROSPINNING PARAMETERS FOR PLGA NANOFIBER 96 4.4. CHARACTERIZATION OF PLGA/CH ELECTROSPUN NANOCOMPOSITE 101 4.4.1 Morphology 101 4.4.2 Encapsulation Efficiency 103 4.4.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis-DSC. 103 4.4.4 X-Ray Analysis. 105 4.4.5 FT-IR. 106 4.4.6 Porosity Measurements. 108 4.4.7 Texture Analysis 109 4.5. IN-VITRO RELEASE STUDIES OF ALA AND ATR FROM COMPOSITE NANOFIBER FORMULATION 110 4.6. CELL VIABILITY OF ELECTRO SPUN NANOCOMPOSITES FORMULATIONS 111 4.7. STABILITY TEST 112 4.8. IN-VIVO EXPERIMENTS 114 4.8.1 Sciatic Functional Index (SFI) 114 4.8.2 Behavioral Testing (BBB). 116 4.8.3 Extensor Postural Thrust Test (EPT). 117 4.8.4 Withdrawal Reflex Latency (WRL). 118 4.8.5 Ultrastructural Examination. 120 4.8.6 Determination of TNF-α , IL-1β and IL-6 Levels 123 4.9. EX VIVO MODELS OF NEUROTRAUMA/ORGANOTYPIC SPINAL CORD CULTURE 124 5. DISCUSSION 130 5.1. ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION 130 5.2. FORMULATION OF ATORVASTATIN LOADED CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES BY NANO SPRAY DRYING METHOD 131 5.2.1 Characterization of ATR loaded CH Nanoparticles 132 5.2.2 In-vitro Release 134 5.2.3 Cytotoxicity of CH Nanoparticles 135 5.3. POLY LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID/CHITOSAN ELECTROSPUN NANO COMPOSITE 135 5.3.1 Preparation and Morphological Characteristic 135 5.3.2 Encapsulation and In-Vitro Drug Release 136 5.3.3 Physicochemical Analysis of Electrospun PLGA/CH Nanocomposite 137 5.3.4 Porosity Measurements 137 5.3.5 Texture Analysis 138 5.3.6 Cell Viability of Electrospun Nanocomposites Formulations 138 5.3.7 Stability Test 138 5.3.8 In-Vivo Study 139 5.3.9 Functional Assessments 139 5.3.10 TEM Examination of Sciatic Nerve Samples 141 5.3.11 Determination of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 Levels 142 6. CONCLUSION 144 7. REFERENCES 146 8. APPANDICES 160 8.1. CURRICULUM VITAE 160 8.2. ETHICAL COMMITTEE APPROVAL 163 8.3. DIGITAL RECEIPT FOR TORNITIN REPORT 164tr_TR
dc.language.isoentr_TR
dc.publisherSağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsütr_TR
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesstr_TR
dc.subjectAtorvastatin Calciumtr_TR
dc.subjectAlpha Lipoic Acid
dc.subjectNanoparticle
dc.subjectNanofiber
dc.subjectPeripheral Nerve Injury
dc.subjectCell Culture
dc.titleDevelopment of Nano-Formulatıons Contaınıng Neuroprotectıve Actıve Ingredıent and Evaluatıon of Effıcıency in Perıpheral Nerve Injury Modelen
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisen
dc.description.ozetHAIDAR Mohammad Karim, Nöroprotektif etkin madde içeren nanoformülasyonların geliştirilmesi ve periferik sinir hasarı modelinde etkinliklerinin değerlendirilmesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyofarmasötik ve Farmakokinetik Programı Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2018. Periferik Sinir Hasarı (PSH), en sık görülen travma türleri arasında yer almaktadır. Oluşum sebepleri arasında fiziksel yaralanma, hastalıklar ve toksinlere maruziyet gibi çok sayıda sebep bulunmaktadır. Yaralanmanın türü ve şiddetine bağlı olarak farklı tedavi yaklaşımları bulunmaktadır. Çarpma hasarı, PSH türleri arasında en sık görülen türü (%80) olmakla birlikte tedavi için tek yok uygulanan basının kaldırılmasıdır. Buna karşın uygulanan bu tedavinin çıktıları çoğu zaman yeterli olmamaktadır. Dolayısı ile ek tedavi yöntemleri ile tedavi sürecinin hızlandırılması ihtiyacı vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, periferik sinir hasarında rejenerasyon sürecini hızlandırmak için nöroprotektif etkin maddelerin ikili ve lokalize salımını sağlayacak içerisinde nanopartikül içeren kompozit polimerik nanofiber hazırlamaktır. Bu amaçla nöroprotektif etkin maddeler olarak alfa lipoik asit (ALA) ve atorvastatin kalsiyum (ATR) kullanılmıştır. İlk aşamada ATR içeren nanopartiküller nanopüskürterek kurutma cihazında hazırlanmış; ikinci aşamada ise hazırlanan bu nanopartiküller, içerisinde ALA ve poli(laktik-ko-glikolik)asit içeren çözeltide süspande edilmiştir. Oluşturulan bu karışım, elektrospinleme ile kompozit nanofiberlerin hazırlanmasında kullanılmıştır. Formülasyonların karakterizasyon aşamasını takiben, seçilen uygun formülasyon, siyatik sinir hasarı oluşturulmuş hayvan modelinde implante edilmiştir. Sprague-Dawley cinsi sıçanlarda kompresyon yöntemi ile siyatik sinir hasarı oluşturulmuştur. Cerrahi sonrası dönemde gerçekleştirilen motor fonksiyon ve duyusal testler sonucunda deney hayvanlarında sinir hasarında anlamlı bir düzelme olduğu görülmüştür. Buna ek olarak yapılan ultrastrüktürel incelemeler sonucunda da tedavi gruplarında normal miyelinli akson sayılarındaki artış tespit edilmiştir. Pro-inflamatuvar sitokinler üzerinde yapılan incelemelerde elde edilen bulgular geliştirilen formülasyonun etkinliğini destekleyici nitelikte sonuçlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak içerisinde ATR yüklü nanopartiküller gömülmüş olan ALA içeren nanofiberlerin periferik sinir hasarı sonrasında nöroproteksiyon amaçlı, özellikle de travma sonrasındaki ilk 15 günlük dönem içerisinde, kullanılabilecek uygun ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler olduğu düşünülmektedir.tr_TR
dc.contributor.departmentFarmasötik Teknolojitr_TR
dc.contributor.authorID10220937tr_TR
dc.embargo.terms2 yiltr_TR
dc.embargo.lift2020-11-14T11:19:04Z


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