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dc.contributor.advisorYarar, Emine
dc.contributor.authorTuran, Cengiz
dc.date.accessioned2018-09-28T12:03:32Z
dc.date.available2018-09-28T12:03:32Z
dc.date.issued2018-06
dc.date.submitted2018-06-05
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dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11655/4979
dc.description.abstractIn this study, the processing of attachment preferences to relative clauses (RC) in Turkish was analyzed through an eye-tracking technique and comprehension questions presented following each experimental sentence. Within this general framework, the possible effects of the RC types (subject - object) on the processing of attachment types (low – high – high with ambiguity) and whether there was any RC asymmetry were examined. The data obtained from a total of sixty participants were analyzed in the study. Forty-two experimental sentences were developed based on two RC types and three attachment types as low, high and high with ambiguity. Therefore, in the study six conditions were tested along with forty-two filler sentences which were employed to distract the participants’ attention away from the investigated structures. The Kolmogorow Smirnow test showed that the data exhibited a normal distribution. For two-way comparisons, an independent t-test was used and for three-way comparisons, the ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) was employed. Certain differences between the two attachment types were observed. General direction of processing seemed to be that the High Attachment configuration caused slightly less cognitive load than the Low Attachment. However, the High Attachment sentences exhibited statistically significant longer reading durations on NP2 (the second noun phrase following the RC area). Therefore, it was assumed that the parser was sensitive to lexical/semantic properties of the incoming words of the given sentences during the initial processing. The processing of the main verb was another point of divergence. Significantly longer fixation durations on main verbs were observed in Low Attachment sentences, which also suggest that they included an implicit ambiguity. It was revealed that the main strategy of the parser to repair an ambiguity in High Attachment sentences was using the argument structure of the main verb. It acted as an error signal prompting the parser to adjust its syntactic preferences. It was found out that for all attachment types, on the RC Area of Interest (AoI) the object RCs are read with longer durations. However, statistically significant differences were not found. Considering the whole sentences, on the other hand, statistically significant results were found where participants spent longer durations for the processing of the object RCs. When analyzed alone, the subject RCs was comparatively easier for the parser to process than the object RCs. This is attributed to longer structural distance between the head noun and the extraction site besides linguistic-specific properties of Turkish in which the ORCs were inflected for person agreement, which caused extra processing load. Regarding the answers to the comprehension questions, the data complements the findings from online processing. The answers to the comprehension questions following High Attachment sentences had statistically the highest accuracy level. On the other hand, the comprehension questions following the High Attachment with Ambiguity sentences had statistically the lowest accuracy rate. Considering the answers to the comprehension questions concerning the subject and object RC sentences, it was observed that the comprehension questions concerning the subject RC sentences were statistically answered more successfully. It is suggested that For Turkish parser, the early processing is dominated by syntactic operations. However, it is overridden by lexical-semantic information of the main verb when it is led into a Garden-path situation. High Attachment sentences take the parser shorter to process compared to the Low Attachment sentences. Therefore, it is suggested that Turkish is a High Attachment language. Considering the reading times, Low Attachment sentences also include a local ambiguity as in High Attachment with Ambiguity. Finally, Cognitive load of ORCs is heavier than SRCs in all attachment types except for RC AoI. ORC asymmetry is also observed across all the experimental items regardless of attachment types, which is predicted by Structural Distance Hypothesis (SDH) (O’Grady, 2003).tr_TR
dc.description.tableofcontentsKABUL VE ONAY………………………………………………..………………...…i BİLDİRİM……………………………………………………………………………...ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI……………..…..…iii ETİK BEYAN……….………………………………………..………...…………..….iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………….………...v ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………………...vi ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………......viii TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………...…………………….x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………..……....xiii LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………………...xvi LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………….….xxi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………22 1.1. BACKGROUND………………………………………………………….22 1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM…………………………………....25 1.3. AIM OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………....26 1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS………………………………………………27 1.5. LIMITATIONS………………………………...…………………………27 1.6. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY……………………………………28 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW……………….………………………...…30 2.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATIVE CLAUSES .…….30 2.2. TURKISH RELATIVE CLAUSES…………………………………...…34 2.3. RELATIVE CLAUSE PROCESSING ………………..………………………..45 2.3.1. Models of RC Attachment Processing and Ambiguity Resolution…46 2.3.2. Processing of Subject/Object RCs…………….………………………60 2.3.3. RC Processing in Turkish……………………………………………...66 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY………………………………..………….……....72 3.1. PILOT STUDIES ...………………………………………………………72 3.1.1. Pilot Study I…………………………………………………..…73 3.1.1.1. Participants…...………………………………………..73 3.1.1.2. Materials………...……………………………………..73 3.1.1.3. Data Collection Tool…………………………………..74 3.1.1.4. Procedure……………………………..……………..…75 3.1.1.5. Data Analysis…………………………………………..75 3.1.1.6. Results / Suggestions…………………………………..75 3.1.2. Pilot Study II………………………………………………..…..76 3.1.2.1. Participants…………………………………………..…76 3.1.2.2. Materials……………………...……………………..…76 3.1.2.3. Data Collection Tool………………………………..…77 3.1.2.4. Procedure………………………………..…………..…77 3.1.2.5. Data Analysis………………………………………..…77 3.1.2.6. Results / Suggestions………………………………..…77 3.2. PARTICIPANTS……………………………………..…………………..78 3.3. MATERIALS…………………………………………………………..…78 3.4. DATA COLLECTION TOOLS………………………………………....83 3.5. PROCEDURE……………………………………………………….……83 3.6. DATA ANALYSIS…………………………………………………….….86 3.7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…………………………..…….…….87 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION………...……………………….…..89 4.1. ANALYSIS OF ATTACHMENT PREFERENCES TO RELATIVE CLAUSES……………………………………..……………………………………….90 4.1.1. Analysis of Answers to Comprehension Questions……….....118 4.2. ANALYSIS OF SRC/ORC ASYMMETRY EFFECT ON ATTACHMENT PREFERENCES TO RELATIVE CLAUSES………………....121 4.2.1. Analysis of the Answers to Comprehension Questions………………………………………………………....……..…….135 4.2.2 Analysis of the Subject and Object Relative Clause Asymmetry…………………………………………………………………...139 4.2.3. Analysis of theAnswers to Comprehension Questions…...….143 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION………….…………………………………………..146 5.1. ANSWERS OF THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS………………….…………150 5.2. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH……………………………..155 REFERENCES …...…………………………………………………………………157 APPENDIX 1…………...……………………………………………………….…....176 APPENDIX 2…..……………………………………………………………………..188 APPENDIX 3...……………………………………………………………………….202 APPENDIX 4………………………………………………………………………...204 ÖZGEÇMİŞ……………………………………………………………………….…206tr_TR
dc.language.isoentr_TR
dc.publisherSosyal Bilimler Enstitüsütr_TR
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccesstr_TR
dc.subjectRelative clauses, subject relative clauses, object relative clauses, attachment preferences, high and low attachment, garden-path, structural and linear distance, ambiguity resolution, cognitive loadtr_TR
dc.titleAN EYE-TRACKING INVESTIGATION OF ATTACHMENT PREFERENCES TO RELATIVE CLAUSES IN TURKISHtr_TR
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesistr_TR
dc.description.ozetBu çalışmada Türkçedeki ortaç yapılarına ilişkin ekleme tercihlerinin işlenmesi göz-izleme tekniği ve kavrama soruları ile çözümlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada ortaç türlerinin (özne ortaçları ve nesne ortaçları) ekleme tercihleri (yüksek, düşük ve belirsizlik içeren düşük) üzerindeki olası etkileri ve ortaç bakışımsızlığının söz konusu olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Çalışmada toplam altmış katılımcıdan elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada iki ortaç ve üç ekleme türüne (yüksek - düşük - belirsizlik içeren düşük) göre geliştirilen kırk iki tümce göz izleme tekniği kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bu tümcelerin yanı sıra kırk iki adet dolgu tümce deneklerin çalışmada incelenen yapıları tanımasını önlemek amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Kolmogorow Smirnow testi sonuçları toplanan verilerin normal dağılım sergilediğini göstermiştir. Bu nedenle verilerin çözümlenmesinde ikili karşılaştırmalar için bağımsız t-testi, üçlü karşılaştırmalar için ise ANOVA (Varyans Analizi) testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgular yüksek ve düşük ekleme türleri arasında bazı farklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Yüksek ekleme şeklinin düşük ekleme ile karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmasa da kısmen daha az bilişsel yük oluşturduğu görülmüştür Ancak yüksek ekleme tümcelerinin ortaç sonrasında gelen ikinci ad öbeğinde daha istatistiki olarak daha yüksek okuma sürelerine sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu da ayrıştırıcının ilk işlemede dahi verilen tümcenin anlamsal özelliklerine duyarlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca ana eylemin işlenmesi yüksek ve düşük ekleme türlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklara neden olmaktadır. Düşük ekleme türündeki tümcelerde ana eylemin işlenmesi için harcanan sürenin istatistiki olarak daha uzun olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bulgu söz konusu tümcelerde üstü kapalı da olsa anlam belirsizliğine yol açmaktadır. Belirsizlik içeren yüksek ekleme türündeki tümcelerde ayrıştırıcının belirsizliği ortadan kaldırmada birincil yolu ana eylemin temel üye yapısını kullanmaktır. Ana eylem tümce ayrıştırmada yanılgı işareti olarak işlev görmekte ve ayrıştırıcının sözdizimsel tercihlerini düzenlemesine yardımcı olmaktadır. Ayrıca ortaç içeren bölüme ilişkin okuma zamanları tüm ekleme türlerinde nesne ortaçları içeren tümcelerde özne ortaçları içeren tümcelere oranla daha yüksektir. Ancak bu fark istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı değildir. Diğer yandan tümcelerin bütünü göz önüne alındığında ise katılımcıların nesne ortacı tümcelerini istatistiksel açıdan daha anlamlı olarak daha uzun sürelerde okudukları görülmüştür. Tek başına incelendiklerinde ise, ayrıştırıcı için istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir şekilde özne ortaçlarının daha kolay işlendiği gözlemlenmiştir. Bunun nedeni baş adının ve çıkarma alanı arasındaki yapısal mesafenin nesne ortaçlarında daha fazla olmasıdır. Ayrıca, Türkçenin dilbilimsel bir özelliği olarak nesne ortaçları kişi ekleri ve dolayısıyla uyum ekleri içermektedir ve bunlar da fazladan işleme yüküne neden olmaktadır. Kavrama sorularına verilen cevaplar incelendiğinde elde edilen sonuçlar göz izleme tekniği kullanılarak elde edilen bulguları doğrular niteliktedir. Yüksek ekleme türündeki tümcelerden sonra gelen kavrama sorularına verilen cevaplar istatistiksel olarak en yüksek doğruluk oranına sahiptir. Belirsizlik içeren tümceler için sorulan soruların ise en düşük seviyede doğru cevaplanmıştır. Özne ortaçlarına sahip tümcelerinden sonra gelen kavrama sorularına verilen cevaplar ise Nesne ortaçlarına sahip tümcelerden istatistiki olarak daha yüksektir. Ayrıştırıcı için erken işlemede sözdizimsel işlemler ağır basar ancak anlam karmaşası olduğu durumlarda ana eylemin taşıdığı sözlüksel-anlambilimsel bilgi öne geçer. Yüksek ekleme tümceleri düşük ekleme tümcelerine kıyasla daha kısa sürelerde işlenir. Bu yüzden Türkçenin bir yüksek ekleme dili olduğu öne sürülebilir. Okuma zamanları göz önüne alındığında, düşük ekleme tümcelerinde sınırlı bir anlam karmaşası olduğu söylenebilir. Son olarak nesne ortaçlarının bilişsel yükü tüm ekleme türlerine ait tümcelerde özne ortaçlarından daha yüksektir. Ekleme türlerine bakmaksızın, nesne ortacı bakışımsızlığı Yapısal Uzaklık Varsayımı (O’Grady, 2003)’da ortaya konduğu gibi tüm tümce türlerinde gözlemlenmektedir.tr_TR
dc.contributor.departmentİngiliz Dilbilimitr_TR
dc.contributor.authorID10194865tr_TR


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