Özet
In this study, relationships between mode-І fracture toughness values of 6 different marbles (4 real marble, 2 limestone) selected from different natural stone quarries of Turkey and performance parameters of monowire cutting machine (monowire) and diamond wire cutting machine were analyzed. Semi-circular bending (SCB) test method was used in order to determine mode-І fracture toughness values. As performance parameters, unit wear and unit energy for the monowire cutting machine; unit wear and cutting speed for the diamond wire cutting machine were used. And beside that, the physico-mechanical properties of marbles were determined and relationships between these properties and both fracture toughness values and performance parameters were also investigated.
With the help of the results obtained from these investigations, a logarithmic relationship with a coefficient of correlation of 0,91 between the fracture toughness and unit energy, which is the performance parameters of the monowire cutting machine, was determined. It was also found out that there is a linear relationship with a coefficient of correlation of 0,56 between the fracture toughness and unit wear, which is the other performance parameter of the monowire cutting machine.
When the relationships between the performance parameters of diamond wire cutting machine and fracture toughness were examined, it was determined that there is a linear relationship with a coefficient of correlation of 0,54 with the unit wear; and an inverse linear relationship with a coefficient of correlation of 0,52 with cutting speed.
It was found that there are relationships with high correlation coefficient between the mechanical properties of the marbles used in the study, which are shore hardness index, uniaxial compressive strength,indirect tension strength, bohme surface abrasion strength,fracture toughness and the performance parameters of diamond wire cutting machines. Similarly, meaningful relationships between fracture toughness and other mechanical properties were also obtained.
Furthermore, relationships with low correlation coefficient between the performance parameters of the diamond wire cutting machines and the physical properties of the marbles were obtained except for the unit volume weight analysis. Likewise, the only meaningful correlation between fracture toughness and physical properties was obtained from the unit volume weight analysis.
As a result, it has been demonstrated that the mode-І fracture toughness values can be used in reliably predicting the performance parameters of diamond wire cutting machines, which are increasingly used in the mining industry.
Künye
KAYNAKLAR
[1] Polat E., Mermerlerin Elmas Tel ile Kesiminde Dokusal Özelliklerin Etkisinin İncelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2002.
[2] Yılmazkaya E., Bilgisayar Kontrollü Tektel Sistemi İle Blok Kesmede Etken Faktörlerin İncelenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2013.
[3] ISRM, Suggested methods for determining the fracture toughness of rocks, Int.J.Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech.Abstr., Cilt 1, 271-96, 1988.
[4] Y. Özçelik, Investigation of the working conditions of diamond wire cutting machines in marble industry., PhD thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 1999.
[5] Kuruppu, ISRM-Suggested Method for Determining the Mode I Static Fracture Toughness Using Semi-Circular Bend Specimen, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 47, 270-273, 2013.
[6] TSE, Tabii Yapı Taşları- Muayene ve Deney Metotları, TS 699, TSE Yayını, 82, 1987.
[7] ISRM, Rock Characterization Testing and Monitoring, Suggested Methods,Oxford, 16, 1981.
[8] Kanbir, E. S., Kesme Parametreleri Ve Boncuk Özelliklerinin Elmas Tel Kesme Verimine Etkisi, Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2013.
[9] Şengün, N., Kayaçların Kırılma Tokluğu ve Gevrekliğinin Dairesel Testereler ile Kesme Verimi Üzerine Etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta , 2009.
[10] Donovan, J. G., Fracture Toughness Based Models For The Prediction Of Power Consumption, Product Size, And Capacity Of Jaw Crushers, , Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, BLACKSBURG, 2003.
[11] Altındağ, R., Kayaçlarda Kirilma Tokluğu Ve Diğer Mekanik Özellikler Arasindaki Ilişkiler, Deü Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 2, 39-47, 2000.
[12] Şengün, N., Altındağ, R., Kayaçların Kırılma Tokluğu (Mod-I) ile Fiziko-Mekanik Özellikleri Arasındaki Ilişkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, 31, 127-140, 2010.
[13] Hanecioğlu, B., Pilot Model Elmas Telli Kesme Makinesinde Bazı Makine Parametrelerinin İncelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2006.
[14] Yüksel, Z., İscehisar Aktaşören Mevkii Mermer Ocağinda Sahanin Jeolojik Özelliklerinin Elmas Tel Kesme Performansina Etkisi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyon, 2010.
[15] Demirdağ, S., Gündüz, L., Blok İşletmeciliğinde Elmas Tel ve Boncuk Performans Analizi, Türkiye III. Mermer Sempozyumu (Mersem '2001) Bildiriler Kitabı, Afyon, 2001.
[16] Aktaş, Ö., Elmas Tel Kesme Ile Mermer Işletmeciliğinde Elmas Tellerin Kesim Performanslarinin Araştirilmasi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya, 2012.
[17] Dilmaç, M. K., Elmasli Tel İle Mermer Üretiminde Basamak Geometrisinin Kesme Performansi Üzerine Etkileri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sİvas, 2009.
[18] Almasi, S. N., Bagherpour, R., Mikaeil, R., Özçelik, Y., Analysis Of Bead Wear In Diamond Wire Sawing Considering The Rock Properties And Production Rate, Bull Eng. Geo. Environ., 76, 1593-1607, 2017.
[19] Özçelik, Y., Polat, E., Bayram, F., Ay, A.M., Investigation Of The Effects Of Textural Properties On Marble Cutting With Diamond Wire, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 41, 3, 2004.
[20] Ghaysari, N., Ataei, M., Sereshki, F., Mikaiel, R. Prediction Of Performance Of Diamond Wire Saw With Respect To Texture Characteristics Of Rock, Arch. Min. Sci., 57, 887–900, 2012.
[21] Özçelik, Y., Yılmazkaya, E., The effect of the Rock Anisotropy On the Efficiency of Diamond Wire, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, 48, 626–636, 2011.
[22] Hawkins, A.C., Antenen, A.P., Johnson. G., The Diamond Wire Saw in Quarrying Granite and Marble, Dimensional Stone, 44-50, 1990.
[23] Beckman, T.R., Hulick, R.M., Diamond Wire Sawing Speed Dam Project, Industrial Diamond Review, 6, 272-274, 1991.
[24] Wright, N., Marble and Granite Quarries Turn to Diamond Wire, Stone World, 77-80, 1992.
[25] Capuzzi, Q., Modern Technology and Machinery for Marble Quarrying, Benetti Machine Press, Roma, 1980.
[26] Şişman, N., Urhan, S., Blok Mermer Üretiminde Kullanılan Tel kesme Yönteminin Gelişim ve Önemi, Madencilik Dergisi, 31, 35-39, 1992.
[27] Kulaksız, S., Doğal Taş (mermer) İşletmeciliği ve İşletme Teknolojileri, Maden Mühendisleri Odası Yayını, Ankara, 2005.
[28] Pellegrini, http://www.pellegrini.net/cataloghi/catalogo_Pentawire_05-2007 bis.pdf, Pentawire Multiwire Cutting Machine, (Haziran, 2013)
[29] Primavori, P., Technological Developments and the State-of-the Art in Machinery and Installlations For Extracting and Processing Stone Materials, Marmomacchine Directory 2002, Associazione Italiana Marmomacchine, 40-197, 2002.
[30] Kınaoğlu,A.,http://ahmetkinaoglu.com.tr/blok-mermer-ayirma-ve-ebatlama/, (Mart, 2018)
[31] Sarıbıyık,M.http://content.Ims.sabis.sakarya.edu.tr/Uploads/66618/46059/5 kirilma.pdf, ( Mayıs 2018)
[32] Whittaker, B.N., Singh, R.N., Sun, G., Rock Fracture Mechanics: Principles, Design and Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992.
[33] Anderson, T. Fracture mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, CRC Press Inc., Florida, 1991.
[34] Özdemir, A., Seramik Malzemelerin Kirilma Tokluğu Değerlerinin Üç Boyutlu Sonlu Elemanlar Yöntemi İle Teorik Olarak Belirlenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, 2006.
[35] Alkılıçgil, Ç., Development Of A New Method For Mode I Fracture Toughness Test On Disc Type Rock Specimens, Yüksek Lisans Tezi ,The Graduate School of Natural and Applıed Scıences Mıddle East Technıcal Unıversıty, 2006.
[36] Köksal, N., Ankara andeziti kırılma tokluğunun araştırılması, Türkiye Madencilik Bilimsel ve Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 403-416, Ankara, 1991.
[37] https://www.ned.org/EducationResources/FractureToughness(Mayıs,2018)
[38] https://www.uobabylon.edu./eprints/publication_11_5633639.pdf, (Mayıs, 2018)
[39] Alkılıçgil, Ç., Development Of Specimen Geometries For Mode I Fracture Toughness Testing With Disc Type Rock Specimens, Doctoral Dissertation, The Graduate School Of Natural And Applied Sciences Of Middle East Technical University, 2010.
[40] Kuruppu, M. D., Ayatollahi, M. R., Chong, K. P., Funatsu, T., ISRM-Suggested Method for Determining the Mode I Static Fracture Toughness Using Semi-Circular Bend Specimen, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 47, 267-74, 2014.
[41] Chong, K.P., Kuruppu, M.D., Kuszmaul, J.S., Fracture toughness determination of layered materials, Engng Fract Mech, 28, 43–54, 1987.
[42] Iqbal, M.J., Mohanty, B., Experimental calibration of ISRM suggested fracture toughness measurement techniques in selected brittle rocks, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 40, 453-75, 2007.
[43] Fowell, R.J., Suggested method for determining mode I fracture toughness using cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc (CCNBD) specimens, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr. 32, 1, 57-64, 1995.
[44] Fowell, R.J., Xu, C., Dowd, P.A., An update on the fracture toughness testing methods related to the cracked chevron-notched Brazilian disk (CCNBD) specimen, Pure Appl Geophys, 163, 1047-57, 2006.
[45] Zhou YX, Xia, K., Li, X.B., Li, H.B., Ma, W., Zhao, J. Suggested methods for determining the dynamic strength parameters and mode-I fracture toughness of rock materials, Int J Rock Mech Min, 49, 105-12, 2012.
[46] Chong, K.P., Kuruppu, M.D., New specimen for fracture toughness determination of rock and other materials, Int J Fract, 26, 59–62, 1984.
[47] Basham, K.D., Nonlinear fracture mechanics using semi-circular specimens and tension softening behavior, Ph.D. Dissertation , Dept. of Civil Eng.,The University of Wyoming, 1989.
[48] Khan, K., Al-Shayea, A., Effect of Specimen Geometry and Testing Method on Mixed Mode I-II Fracture Toughness of a Limestone Rock from Saudi Arabia, Rock Mech. Rock Engng, 33, 176-206, 2000.
[49] Het, K., Effects Of Geometrical Factors On Fracture Toughness Using Semi-Circular Bending Type Specimens, M.S. Thesis, The Graduate School Of Natural And Applied Sciences Of Middle East Technical University, 2008.
