Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Motor Taşma Hareketi: Bir Elektroensefalografi Çalışması

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and age matched healthy controls in terms of motor skills and amplitude changes in active cortical regions during a voluntary hand movement task. 15 children with an ADHD diagnosis, with a total IQ score of 75 or more on Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC-IV), who did not use psychoactive medication, except for methylphenidate and without comorbid psychiatric conditions, head trauma and chronic neurological disease were enrolled. The control group consisted of 15 children with a total IQ score of 75 and above on WISC-IV, who had no chronic psychological, neurological or long-term chronic disease, and no history of head trauma, no psychoactive drug use. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children- Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was used to screen for psychiatric disorders. Within the scope of the evaluations, Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised/Short Form (CPRS-R/S), Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT) were used. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during a voluntary hand movement task from all children. Children who are diagnosed with ADHD and who use methylphenidate are asked to stop medication on the day of the evaluation. It was found that in motor-skills comparisons, the ADHD group had significantly lower scores in bilateral coordination and balance tests, and that fine and gross motor skills were not correlated with age in the ADHD group despite a strong positive correlation in the control group. WISC-IV working memory and perceptual reasoning subscale scores were found to be significantly correlated with fine motor skills. During initiation and maintenance of voluntery movement, left hand movement caused more activation in motor cortex in both groups. Activation in primary motor cortex during voluntary movement was also accompanied by frontal regions. It has been determined that during the execution of voluntary movement left hand movement caused more activation, especially in the right frontal region. When the ADHD and the control groups were compared, it was found that the ADHD group exhibited a lower activation in the alpha band in both hand motions, and the activity-related beta-band activity was found to be lower in the ADHD group. In conclusion, it can be considered that the interhemispheric inhibition has an asymmetrical development in both groups; the primary motor cortex is less involved in the ADHD group, which may be the result of a neurodevelopmental delay related to ADHD. In order to determine whether the findings are specific to ADHD, it is necessary to investigate other neurodevelopmental disorders and the effects of variables such as age, gender, ADHD subtype and drug use in larger samples in order to investigate.