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dc.contributor.advisorKüçükkaraca, Nilgün
dc.contributor.authorPaslı, Figen
dc.date.accessioned2017-08-11T07:43:12Z
dc.date.available2017-08-11T07:43:12Z
dc.date.issued2017
dc.date.submitted2017-06-12
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dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11655/3894
dc.descriptionBu tez yıllarca başkalarına ‘evin tuvaleti değil, odası olduğunu’ söylemeye çalışan çocuklara ve o çocuklara ‘siz zaten bir odasınız’ şeklinde yaklaşan alandaki profesyonellere adanmıştır.tr_TR
dc.description.abstractABSTRACT PASLI, Figen. “Analysis of the Legal Process of Sexual Abuse from the Perspectives of the Victims, the Parents, and Professionals Using the Ecological System Approach", PhD Thesis, Ankara, 2017. This study has been planned to understand the legal process of sexual abuse from the viewpoint of the children subjected to it, parents, and professionals and to do a multifaceted analysis of the phenomenon of sexual abuse. This analysis has used a holistic approach which entails the developmental, personality, and behavioral characteristics of the children, characteristics of the family, characteristics of the abusers, and the explanation process of abuse. In order for children to healthily overcome the legal process of sexual abuse; parents, siblings, the school system, and relationships with the teachers are important in the micro system, and their interaction with these surroundings is important in the mezzo system whereas in the exosystem; their interactions with healthcare, social, and judiciary systems are important; and attitudes, values, laws, and interaction with the culture are important in the macro system. It is therefore that the multifaceted analysis of the phenomenon of sexual abuse of children has been conducted by taking as basis the ecological system approach. Qualitative methods and techniques have been utilized for the study. The subjects of the study are 10 children without mental disabilities aged 13-18 at the time of assessment who have applied or been referred to Child Protection Centers because they have been the subject of sexual abuse and whose legal notifications have been made and whose legal process and psychiatric treatment have been concluded, 11 mothers, and 12 professionals serving in child protective, and juvenile justice systems. In line with the phenomenological approach, the research data has been collected through observations and in-depth interviews with the children, their mothers, and the professionals. MAXQDA 11 software has been used for the thematic analysis of the data. According to the results of the study, it has been discovered that; mental deficiency in children, and issues related to puberty can constitute a risk factor in being the subject of sexual abuse; suicide, and regression in certain skills can be observed in the aftermath of sexual abuse and that all of these can in fact correspond to developmental stages; the most important person in the discovery of sexual abuse in the micro system is the mother, and the second most important is the teacher; there is no distinct or defining characteristic to those who sexually abuse children. It has also been identified that in the exosystem; the police have a rather negative attitude and behavior; along with good qualities such as an environment of healthy expression, trained staff, and seeking the highest benefit to the child at the Child Monitoring Centers (CMC), the holistic protection system is not implemented; some negative experiences such as lack of monitoring, infrastructural issues, constraints, and a risk of bias in the statements occur; there are some negativities in the medical process such as forensic experts and psychiatrists have a rather negative attitude and behavior, the treatment has shortcomings, group examinations, the unsuitability of the wait area for examination, and the outlook of the professionals; there are some negativities more frequently encountered in the prosecution process such as negative attitude and behavior of professionals, their outlook, incompetence, violation of rights; institutional abuse is present at the MFSP, the professionals have a negative attitude and behavior, and an inability to institutionalize, lack of coordination, lack of monitoring, and lack of oversight are more frequently experienced; and certain negativities such as the insufficiency of a child centered policy and a holistic child protection law, and the social perception of the child have been identified in the macro system. According to the results of the study; the negative qualities of the exo and macro systems in the legal process instill in the sexually abused child a sense of worry, fear, insecurity, frustration, and guilt; the reflection of social values and norms in the attitude and behavior of the professionals in the exosystem causes secondary trauma in children. Social work intervention recommendations within the frame of an ecological system approach to the phenomenon of sexual abuse of children and a case management model for the implementation of the legal process have been recommended in light of the findings of the study. The contribution of the study’s findings and the recommendations to the theory and practice, and methodology of social work, and to policies and services pertaining to the sexual abuse of children have been debated.tr_TR
dc.description.tableofcontentsİÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY i BİLDİRİM ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI iii ETİK BEYAN iv TEŞEKKÜR v ÖZET viii ABSTRACT x İÇİNDEKİLER xii TABLOLAR DİZİNİ xviii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ xix GİRİŞ 1 1. BÖLÜM: KURAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 9 1.1. Çocuk ve Cinsel İstismar 9 1.1.1. İstismara İlişkin Genel Bilgiler 9 1.1.2. İstismarın Etkileri 21 1.1.2.1. İstismarın Çocuğa Etkileri 21 1.1.2.2. İstismarın Aileye Etkileri 25 1.1.3. İstismarda Bulunanların Özellikleri 27 1.1.4. Çocuğun İstismarı Açığa Vurma Süreci 28 1.2. Yasal Süreç 32 1.2.1. Yasal Sürece İlişkin Genel Bilgiler 32 1.2.2. Türkiye’de Mevzuat ve Uygulama 35 1.2.3. Yasal Sürecin Çocuk Üzerindeki Etkileri 44 1.3. Sosyal Hizmet ve Ekolojik Sistem Yaklaşımı 48 2. BÖLÜM: YÖNTEM 58 2.1. Araştırmanın Modeli 58 2.2. Araştırma Alanının Belirlenmesi 60 2.3. Derinlemesine Görüşmelere Hazırlık 61 2.4. Araştırmanın Özneleri 61 2.4.1. Öznelere İlişkin Tanıtıcı Bilgiler 63 2.5. Veri Oluşturma Süreci 70 2.5.1. Derinlemesine Görüşmeler 71 2.5.2. Olgu Değerlendirme Formları 74 2.5.3. Katılımcı Gözlem 75 2.6. Araştırma Verilerinin Yönetilmesi ve Analiz Edilmesi 75 2.7. Etik Konular 76 2.7.1. Araştırma Katılımcılarıyla İlgili Etik Konular 76 2.7.2. Araştırmacıyla İlgili Etik İlkeler 78 2.7.3. Araştırmanın Raporlanma Süreciyle İlgili Etik İlkeler 79 3. BÖLÜM: ANALİZ 80 3.1. İstismara Uğrayan Çocuk, Ailesi ve İstismarda Bulunanlara Ait Özellikler 82 3.1.1. Çocuğa Ait Özellikler 83 3.1.1.1. Zor Çocuklar “hep bir yaramazlık çıkarırdım” 83 3.1.1.2. Zihinsel Yetersiz Çocuklar “hocanın yanında o deli diyivimiş.” 84 3.1.1.3. Ergenler “arkadaşları mı diyim, yaşından mı, çok değişti.” 85 3.1.1.4. Sorunsuz Çocuklar “taciz olayından önce hiç bi problemim yoktu” 88 3.1.2. Aileye Ait Özellikler 89 3.1.2.1. Baskıcı Yapı “yanlış yetiştirilmiş bir toplumuz” 90 3.1.2.2. Sorumsuz Baba “yani sahiplenen kimse olmayınca” 91 3.1.2.3. Aile İçi Şiddet “çocuklarımı kaç kere dövdü” 92 3.1.2.4. Sorunlu Cinsel Yaşam“beni bi cinsel obje olarak görüyodu“ 94 3.1.2.5. Kötü Alışkanlıklar“içki var…kumarı da var” 95 3.1.2.6. Ailede İletişimsizlik “aileme kesinlikle anlatmam” 96 3.1.3. İstismar Davranışında Bulunanların Özellikleri 97 3.2. Çocuk ve Annelerin İstismar Deneyimleri 102 3.2.1. İstismar Olayına İlişkin Deneyimler 103 3.2.1.1. İstismarın Nasıl Açığa Çıktığı 103 3.2.1.2. İstismara İlişkin Duygular 107 3.2.1.2.1. Korku, Kaygı“Bende o olaydan sonra korku başladı“ 107 3.2.1.2.2. Suçluluk “ Olayı yaşadıktan sonra kendimi çok suçlamıştım“ 109 3.2.1.2.3.Güvensizlik“kimseye güvenemiyorum“ 110 3.2.1.2.4. Utanç “Utanç vericiydi zaten“ 112 3.2.1.3. Mikro Çevrenin Tutumu 112 3.2.1.3.1. Sosyal destek “kardeşim manevi maddi destek verdi” 113 3.2.1.3.2. Tepkisizlik“tepki göstermediler açıkçası” 115 3.2.1.3.3. İnanmama “hiç kimse inanmadı” 116 3.2.1.3.4. Namus temizleme“namusumuzu temizleyelim” 117 3.2.1.4. İstismarın Çocuğun Yaşamına Getirdikleri 118 3.2.1.4.1. Cinselleştirilmiş Davranışlar"bi makyaj yapıyodu…davranışları, konuşmaları“ 118 3.2.1.4.2. Özkıyım“bu olaydan sonra intiharlara başladı“ 120 3.2.1.4.3. Gerileme“düzelmeye başlamıştı, o olay gelmeyeyeydi başımıza“ 121 3.2.1.4.4. Gebelik, Obezite“bebek doğduktan sonra biraz zorluklar olacak“ 121 3.2.1.4.5. Ruhsal Bozukluklar“bütün dünyası yıkıldı çocuğun“ 123 3.2.1.5. İstismarın Ailenin Yaşamına Getirdikleri 125 3.2.1.5.1. Özgürleşme”tabi rahatladık biraz…özgürce yaşıyoruz” 126 3.2.1.5.2. Güçlenme “kendime güven var“ 127 3.2.1.5.3. Sosyal İzolasyon“çevremizle…bütün bağları kopardım“ 128 3.2.1.5.4. Psikolojik Sorunlar, Ruhsal Hastalıklar “ depresyona falan girdim” 129 3.2.2. Yasal Sürece Ilişkin Deneyimler 131 3.2.2.1. Soruşturma Süreci 131 3.2.2.1.1. Polis 131 3.2.2.1.1.1. Suçlayıcı”Ordaki yaşadığım acıyı hiç bir zaman unutmuyorum ” 133 3.2.2.1.1.2. Aşağılayıcı “polislerin o çocuğuma bakışları” 135 3.2.2.1.1.3. Kayırmacı “sarmaş dolaş oluyolar onlarınan polisler“ 136 3.2.2.1.1.4. Güvensizlik “Kanun, çevresi, arkası, torpili olanların kanunu” 136 3.2.2.1.1.5. Meraklı “hepsi merakla dinlemeye geliyo seni” 137 3.2.2.1.2. Çocuk İzlem Merkezi (ÇİM) 139 3.2.2.1.3. Tıbbi Süreç 140 3.2.2.2. Mahkeme Süreci 149 3.2.2.3. Koruma Süreci 158 3.3. Profesyonellerin Değerlendirme ve Görüşleri 164 3.3.1. Uygulamaların Güçlü Yanları 165 3.3.1.1. Yasal Düzenlemelerin Varlığı 165 3.3.1.2. Çocuk Koruma Merkezlerinin ve ÇİM’lerin Varlığı 166 3.3.2. Uygulamaların Güçsüz Yanları 169 3.3.2.1. Profesyonellere Ilişkin Sorunlar 169 3.3.2.1.1. Bakış açısı ve tutumlar“bunları hak ediyorsun kızım bakış açısı vardı“ 169 3.3.2.1.2. Yetersizlik “soru sormayı bilmez çocuğa” 173 3.3.2.2. Sisteme İlişkin Sorunlar 176 3.3.2.2.1. Profesyonellerin İşlevini Yerine Getirememesi“ sırf fiziksel olarak uzman bulundurduk“ 176 3.3.2.2.2. Çocuğun Korunamaması”koruyucu, önleyici tedbirlerimiz çok fazla işlemiyor“ 178 3.3.2.2.3. Eşgüdümsüzlük“kurumlar arası işbirliği yok bizde“ 180 3.3.2.2.4. Lojistik Yetersizlikler “ne fiziki donanım, ne alt yapı buna uygun değil” 181 3.3.2.2.5. İyi Olmayan Raporlama“yetersiz raporlar geliyo“ 182 3.3.2.2.6. Tedavinin Yapılamaması”çocukların rehabilite edilebileceği ya da psikolojik olarak destek alabileceği yerler olması gerekir” 184 3.3.2.2.7. Görüşme Süreci / Çoklu Görüşmeler“bu süreçler ne yazık ki tekrar tekrarlayan süreçler olabiliyor” 186 3.3.2.3. ASPB’ye İlişkin Sorunlar 188 3.3.2.4. ÇİM’lere İlişkin Sorunlar 191 3.3.2.4.1. İfade Sorunları 191 3.3.2.4.2. Yapılanma Sorunları 193 3.3.2.4.3. Bütüncül Bakış Açısı Eksikliği“bunların takibi, izlenmesi ya da bunlarla ilgili destek hiç bişey yok..“ 194 3.3.3. Öneriler 197 3.3.3.1. Sisteme Yönelik Öneriler 197 3.3.3.1.1. Profesyonellere Yönelik Öneriler 197 3.3.3.1.2. Yapılanmaya Yönelik Öneriler 203 3.3.3.2. Mevzuata Yönelik Öneriler 207 4. BÖLÜM: SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER 210 4.1. Sonuçlar 210 4.1.1. Çocukların Bireysel Özellikleri 212 4.1.2. Yasal Süreci Etkileyen Mikro, Mezzo, Ekzo Ve Makro Sistemlerin Nitelikleri 213 4.1.3. Çocukların İstismar Sürecine Etki Eden Ekzo, Makro Sistemlerle Etkileşimleri 215 4.2. Öneriler 218 4.2.1. Mevzuata Yönelik Öneriler 219 4.2.2. Sisteme Yönelik Öneriler 220 4.2.2.1. Yapılanmaya Yönelik 220 4.2.2.2. Profesyonellere Yönelik 221 4.2.3. Ekolojik Sistem Yaklaşımına Göre Müdahale Önerileri 222 4.2.3.1. Mikro Düzeyde Müdahale Önerileri 223 4.2.3.2. Mezzo Düzeyde Müdahale Önerileri 226 4.2.3.3. Ekzo Düzeyde Müdahale Önerileri 227 4.2.3.4. Makro Düzeyde Müdahale Önerileri 229 4.2.4. AraştırmanınSosyal Hizmet Kuram ve Uygulamasına Katkısı 231 4.2.5. Araştırmanın Metodolojik Katkısı 232 KAYNAKÇA 234 EKLER 255 EK-1. Görüşme Yönergesi 255 EK-2. Bilgilendirilmiş Onam Formu 258 EK-3. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Etik Kurul Muafiyet Formu 259 EK-4. Gazi Üniversitesi Etik Komisyon Raporu 260 EK-5. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tez Çalışması Orijinallik Raporu 261tr_TR
dc.language.isoturtr_TR
dc.publisherSosyal Bilimler Enstitüsütr_TR
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesstr_TR
dc.subjectcinsel istismartr_TR
dc.subjectekolojik sistem yaklaşımı
dc.subjectbütüncül yaklaşım
dc.subjectvaka yönetimi
dc.subjectsosyal hizmet uzmanı
dc.titleCinsel İstismarın Yasal Sürecinin, Maruz Kalanlar, Ebeveynler Ve Profesyoneller Açısından Ekolojik Sistem Yaklaşımına Göre İncelenmesitr_TR
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesistr_TR
dc.description.ozetÖZET PASLI, Figen. “Cinsel İstismarın Yasal Sürecinin, Maruz Kalanlar, Ebeveynler ve Profesyoneller Açısından Ekolojik Sistem Yaklaşımına Göre İncelenmesi”, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2017. Bu çalışma, cinsel istismarın yasal sürecini cinsel istismarı deneyimleyen çocukların, ebeveynlerin ve profesyonellerin gözünden anlamak ve cinsel istismar olgusunu çok yönlü analiz etmek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Bu analiz, çocukların gelişimsel, kişilik ve davranış özelliklerini, aile özelliklerini, istismarda bulunanların özelliklerini, istismarı açıklama sürecini de kapsayan bir şekilde bütüncül olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çocuğun cinsel istismarın yasal sürecini sağlıklı atlatabilmesinde mikro sistemde ebeveynler, kardeşler, akrabalar, okul sistemi ve öğretmenlerle ilişkileri, mezzo sistemde bu çevreyle etkileşimleri, ekzo sistemde sağlık, sosyal hizmet ve adli sistemlerle etkileşimleri, makro sistemde ise tutumlar, değerler, yasalar ve kültürle etkileşimlerinin önemi vardır. Bu nedenlerle çocuğa yönelik cinsel istismar olgusunun çok yönlü analizi ekolojik sistem yaklaşımı temel alınarak yapılmıştır. Araştırmada nitel yöntem ve teknikler kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın özneleri; cinsel istismara uğradığı için Çocuk Koruma Merkezine başvuran ya da yönlendirilen, adli bildirimi yapılmış ve yasal süreci ve psikiyatrik tedavisi tamamlanmış olan, değerlendirme tarihinde yaş aralığı 13-18 yaş arasında ve zihinsel engeli olmayan 10 çocuk, 11 anne ve sağlık alanında, çocuk koruma alanında, çocuk adalet sisteminde görev yapan 12 profesyoneldir. Araştırmanın verileri fenomenolojik yaklaşıma uygun olarak, çocuklar, anneler ve profesyonellerle yapılan derinlemesine görüşmeler ve gözlem yoluyla toplanmıştır. Verilerin tematik analizinde MAXQDA 11 programı kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre; çocuktaki zihinsel yetersizlik, ergenlik dönemine ilişkin sorunların cinsel istismara uğramada risk faktörü oluşturabildiği; cinsel istismardan sonra ise özkıyım, bazı becerilerde gerileme gibi davranışlar görülebileceği ve bütün bunların da aslında gelişim dönemlerine uygun olabileceği; mikro sistemde cinsel istismarın ortaya çıkmasında en etkili ve en önemli kişinin anne; ikinci önemli kişinin ise öğretmen olduğu; çocuğa yönelik cinsel istismarda bulunanların herhangi bir ayırıcı ve tanımlayıcı özelliğinin bulunmadığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Ekzo sistemde polisin daha çok olumsuz tutum ve davranışlarıyla karşılaşıldığı; Çocuk İzlem Merkezleri (ÇİM)’nde sağlıklı ifade ortamı, eğitimli personel ve çocuğun yüksek yararının gözetilmesi gibi olumlu nitelikler yanında bütüncül koruma sisteminin çalıştırılamadığı, izlem eksikliği, altyapı sorunları, sınırlılık ve ifadede taraflılık riski olması gibi olumsuzların yaşandığı; tıbbi süreçte adli tıp uzmanı ve psikiyatrların daha çok olumsuz tutum ve davranışlarıyla karşılaşıldığı, tedavinin eksik olması, profesyonellerin bakış açısı, çoklu muayeneler, muayene olmak için beklenen ortamın uygunsuzluğu gibi olumsuz niteliklerin olduğu; kovuşturma sürecinde profesyonellerin daha çok olumsuz tutum ve davranışları, bakış açısı, yetersizliği, uzmanların işlevsizliği, çoklu görüşmeler, duruşmalarda çocuğun sanıkla karşılaşması, hak ihlali gibi olumsuz niteliklerin daha fazla olduğu; ASPB’de kurumsal istismarın varlığı, profesyonellerin olumsuz tutum ve davranışları, kurumsallaşamama, eşgüdümsüzlük, izlem eksikliği ve denetimsizliğin daha çok yaşandığı, makro sistemde çocuk odaklı politika ve bütüncül çocuk koruma yasasının yetersizliği ile çocuğa yönelik toplumsal gibi algı olumsuz nitelikler saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; yasal süreçte ekzo ve makro sistemlerin olumsuz nitelikleri cinsel istismara uğrayan çocuklarda kaygı, korku, güvensizlik, yılgınlık, suçluluk duyguları yaratmakta; toplumsal değer ve yargıların ekzo sistemde profesyonellerin tutum ve davranışlarına yansıması, çocuğun sistemde ikincil örselenmesine yol açmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular çerçevesinde çocuğa yönelik cinsel istismar olgusuna ekolojik sistem yaklaşımı çerçevesinde sosyal hizmet müdahale önerileri ve yasal sürecin yönetilmesinde vaka yönetimi modeli önerilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularının ve önerilerin sosyal hizmet kuram ve uygulamasına, metodolojisine ve çocuğa yönelik cinsel istismar politika ve hizmetlerine katkısı tartışılmıştır.tr_TR
dc.contributor.departmentSosyal Hizmettr_TR
dc.contributor.authorID10153487tr_TR


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