Effects of Narıngenın, Berberıne, And Delphınıdın Phytochemıcal Compounds on Brownıng of 3t3-L1 Preadıpocyte Cells

Abstract

Obesity, a complex global health challenge, demands innovative treatment strategies. Plant-derived bioactive compounds, including flavanones, alkaloids, and anthocyanins, hold promise for combating obesity-related complications. This study explored the effects of delphinidin, naringenin, and berberine – compounds with known anti-obesity potential – on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells to unravel their impact on browning of adipose cells. This study investigated the impacts of delphinidin, naringenin, and berberine in both free and liposomal forms on the browning process in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells. The expression of key browning markers (PRDM16, PPARγ, PGC1-α, CIDEA, and UCP1) was assessed and triglyceride levels were measured to evaluate lipid metabolism. Quantitative Real Time PCR and Elisa analyses were employed to quantify gene and protein expression levels, respectively, with statistical significance determined by p-values (p<0.05). These findings indicate a complex interaction between the tested phytochemicals and adipocyte browning. Free form of delphinidin showed potential in promoting browning through increased PRDM16 expression (p=0.037) but did not significantly affect beige-specific gene expressions or reduce triglyceride levels except during maturation. High-dose liposomal form of naringenin during maturation increased UCP1 gene expression significantly (p=0.035), indicating potential for browning, but did not impact triglyceride levels. Liposomal form of berberine significantly enhanced UCP1 expression (p=0.002) and reduced triglyceride levels in differentiation (p<0.05), suggesting its efficacy in inducing adipocyte browning. Safety assessments, evaluated with cell viability assays (MTT), indicated that all compounds were safe in free form after 24 hours, with adverse effects noted after 48 hours. This study highlights the differential impacts of delphinidin, naringenin, and berberine on the browning of adipocytes, with berberine showing the most consistent and significant effects in promoting browning and affecting lipid metabolism. These findings lay groundwork for anti-obesity therapeutics, yet comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies are essential to validate and expand the browning potential of delphinidin, naringenin, and berberine to treat obesity.

Key Words: Naringenin, Berberine, Delphinidin, 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Cells, Brown Adipose Tissue, Obesity