Özet
This study aims to determine the nutritional content of brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) populations in Eastern Anatolia. Brown bear fecal samples were collected between 2013 and 2016 in an area of 550 km², centered in the Sarıkamış district of Kars province in the Eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. The reason why this region was preferred in the study is that Sarıkamış is one of the most prominent points of human-bear conflict in Eastern Anatolia. Fecal samples were physically examined, and the feeding habits of brown bears were determined. In total we examined 127 fecal samples. By obtaining animal and plant food residues in the feces, the presence of anthropogenic effects on the nutritional preferences of the Eastern Anatolian brown bear population was investigated.
As a result of the separation of the residues in the stool contents with appropriate methods, the amount of residue was determined proportionally. The studied dietary ingredients were defined to the best possible taxonomic resolution using standard macroscopic and microscopic methods. Definitions were made from indigestible parts such as hair, bone, skin fragments, and feathers and partially digestible parts such as fruits, seeds, and branches. The data were subjected to single-sample t-test and chi-square tests. It was determined that plant nutrition was more than expected and animal nutrition was less. It is thought that the geographical structure of Sarıkamış may cause these results. The samples studied were compared with data from populations in the immediate region (Iran). Examined samples were compared with data from populations in the immediate region (Iran). Pianka Index and Manly's Alpha scale were used in this comparison. In comparisons, it was determined that the nutritional preferences of Sarıkamış population overlapped with Alborz population and not Zagros.
Künye
Ambarlı, H., Litter size and basic diet of brown bears (Ursus arctos, Carnivora) in northeastern Turkey. Mammalia 80(2):235-240, 2016.
Anonim, Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Fact Sheet. c2010-2019. San Diego (CA): San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, http://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/ brownbear, (Erişim tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2022).
Berducou, C., Faliu, L., Barrat, J., The food habits of brown bear in the national park of the western Pyrenees (France) as revealed by faeces analysis. Acta Zool. Fennica 174, 153–156, 1983.
Bojarska, K., & Selva, N., Spatial patterns in brown bear Ursus arctos diet: the role of geographical and environmental factors. Mammal Review, 42(2), 120-143, 2012.
Bowen, S. H., Quantitative description of the diet. In: Nielsen, L. A, Johnson, D. L. (Ed.) Fisheries techniques. Maryland: American Fisheries Society, 1983. p: 325- 336, 1983.
Breuer, T., Diet choice of large carnivores in northern Cameroon. African journal of Ecology, 43(2), 97-106, 2005.
Chesson, J., The effect of alternative prey on the functional response of Notonecta hoffmani. Ecology 70: 1227-1235, 1989.
Cicnkjak, L., Huber, D., Roth, H. U., Ruff, R. L., Vinovrski, Z., Food habits of brown bears in Plitvice Lakes National Park, Yugoslavia. International Conference of Bear Research and Management, vol. 7, pp. 221–226, 1987.
Clevenger, A., Purroy, F. J., Pelton, M., Food habits of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. J. Mammal. 73, 415–421, 1992.
Coogan, S. C. P., Raubenheimer D., Stenhouse G. B., Nielsen S. E., 2014. Macronutrient optimization and seasonal diet mixing in a large omnivore, the grizzly bear: a geometric analysis. PLoS One 9: e105719, 2014.
Cozzi, G., Chynoweth, M., Kusak, J., Çoban, E., Çoban, A., Özgül, A., Şekercioğlu, H., Anthropogenic food resources foster the coexistence of distinct life history strategies: year-round sedentary and migratory brown bears. Journal of Zoology 300: 142–150, 2016.
Dahle, B., Sørensen, O. J., Wedul, E. H., Swenson, J. E., & Sandegren, F, The diet of brown bears Ursus arctos in central Scandinavia: effect of access to free-ranging domestic sheep Ovis aries. Wildlife Biology, 4(1), 147-158, 1998.
Dahle, B., Swenson, J. E., Home ranges in adult Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos): effect of mass, sex, reproductive category, population density and habitat type. Journal of Zoology 260: 329–335, 2003.
Elgmork, K., Kaasa, J., Food habits and foraging of the brown bear Ursus arctos in centralsouth Norway. Ecography 15, 101–110, 1992.
Erlenbach, J. A., Rode K. D., Raubenheimer D. ve Robbins, C. T., Macronutrient optimization and energy maximization determine diets of brown bears. J. Mammal. 95: 160–168, 2014.
Frackowiak, W., Gula, R., The autumn and spring diet of Brown bear Ursus arctos in the Bieszczady Mountains of Poland. Acta Theriol. 37, 339–344, 1992.
Gende, S. M., & Quinn, T. P., The relative importance of prey density and social dominance in determining energy intake by bears feeding on Pacific salmon. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82(1), 75-85, 2004.
Goudie, A. S., The Human Impact on the Natural Environment Past, Present, and Future, 7. Baskı, John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
Hamer, D., Herrero, S. Grizzly bear food and habitat in the front ranges of Banff National Park, Alberta. Int. Conf. Bear Res. Manage. 7, 199–213, 1987.
Hewitt, D. G., & Robbins, C. T., Estimating grizzly bear food habits from fecal analysis. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24 (3), 547-550, 1996.
Hilderbrand, G. V., Schwartz, C. C., Robbins, C. T., Jacoby, M. E., Hanley, T. A., Arthur, S. M., & Servheen, C.,The importance of meat, particularly salmon, to body size, population productivity, and conservation of North American brown bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77(1), 132-138, 1999.
Kanellopoulos, N., Mertzanis, G., Korakis, G., Panagiotopoulou, M., Selective habitat use by Brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in northern Pindos, Greece. J. Biol. Res. 5, 23–33, 2006.
Khaleghizadeh, A., ve Khormali, S., The brown bear, Ursus arctos, feeding on sunflowers in vicinity of Golestan National Park, Iran. Zool. Middle East 34: 109–110, 2005.
Klamárová, S., Dietary analysis of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Sweden 2015-2018, 2019.
Klare, U., Kamler, J. F., Macdonald, D. W., A comparison and critique of different scat-analysis methods for determining carnivore diet. Mammal Review, 41(4), 294-312, 2011.
Kohsar, R., Varastemoradi, H., Rezaei, H., Investigating spring feeding habits of brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus Linnaeus, 1758) in Hyrcanian forests (case study: Golestan National Park). Animal Environment Quarterly, 11(4), 9-14, 2018.
Krebs, C. J., 13. Bölüm: Niche Measures and Resource Preferences. Ecological Methodology, (2. baskı). Addison-Welsey Publishers, Inc.: New York, 445-495. 1995.
Kryštufek, B., ve Vohralík, V., "Taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia). Part 2. Sciuridae: Urocitellus, Marmota and Sciurotamias." Lynx, series nova 44, 2013.
Kütükçü, A. E., Boz Ayılar Ormanın Bereketi, Atlas, Sayı 267, 2015.
Landers, J. L., Hamilton, R. J., Johnson, A. S., Marchinton, R. L., Foods and habitat of black bears in southeastern North Carolina. J. Wildl. Manage. 43, 143–153, 1979.
Lariviere, S. ve Stains, H. J., "bear". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Apr. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/animal/bear. (Erişim tarihi: 14 May 2022).
Link, W. A., Karanth, K. U., Correcting for overdispersion in tests of prey selectivity. Ecology 75: 2456-2459, 1994.
Manly, B. F. J., Miller, P., Cook, L.M., Analysis of a selective predation experiment. American Naturalist 106: 719-736, 1972.
Martin, J., Basille, M., Van Moorter, B., Kindberg, J., Allainé D, Swenson, J. E., Coping with human disturbance: spatial and temporal tactics of the brown bear ( Ursus arctos ). Canadian Journal of Zoology 88:875–883, 2010.
Mattson, D. J., Blanchard, B. M., Knight, R. R., Food habits of Yellowstone grizzly bears, 1977–1987. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69(6), 1619-1629, 1991.
Nezami, B. B., "Seasonal food habits of brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus Linnaeus, 1758) in Cenral Alborz Protected Area." Taxonomy and Biosystematics 6.19: 27-36. 2014.
Nomura, F., Seigo, H., Effects of food distribution on the habitat usage of a female brown bear Ursus arctos yesoensis in a beech-forest zone of northernmost Japan, 15 (2):209–217, 2000.
Ordiz, A, Støen, O. G., Sæbø, S., Sahlén, V., Pedersen, B. E., Kindberg, J., Swenson, J. E., Lasting behavioural responses of brown bears to experimental encounters with humans, Journal of Applied Ecology 50: 306–314, 2013.
Paralikidis, N., Papageorgiou, N., Kontsiotis, V., Tsiompanoudis, A., The dietary habits of the Brown bear (Ursus arctos) in western Greece. Mammalian Biology Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde. 75. 10.1016/j.mambio.2009.03.010, 2010.
Peirce, K. N., Van Daele, L. J., Use of a garbage dump by brown bears in Dillingham, Alaska, Ursus 17: 165-177, 2006.
Roberge, J. & Angelstam, P., Usefulness of the Umbrella Species Concept as a Conservation Tool. Conservation Biology. 18. 76-85. 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00450.x, 2004.
Rode, K. D., Robbins, C. T., Shipley, L. A., Constrains on herbivory by grizzly bears. Oecologia 128, 62–71, 2001.
Rodríguez, C., Naves, J., Fernández-Gil, A., Obeso, J. R., & Delibes, M., Long-term trends in food habits of a relict brown bear population in northern Spain: the influence of climate and local factors. Environmental Conservation, 34(1), 36-44, 2007.
Schmidt, K. A., & Ostfeld, R. S., Numerical and behavioral effects within a pulse- driven system: consequences for shared prey. Ecology, 89(3), 635-646, 2008.
Schoener, T. W., Theory of feeding strategies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 2(1), 369-404, 1971.
Sfouggaris, A., Condition of the brown hare, roe deer and wild boar populations in Epirus. In: Skordas, K., Birtsas, P. (Eds.), PanThiras: Everything About Hunting. Hunting Federation of Macedonia and Thrace, Thessaloniki, pp. 166–173, 2006.
Sharbafi, E., Farhadinia, M. S., Rezaie H. R. & Braczkowski, A. R., Prey of the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in a mixed foreststeppe landscape in northeastern Iran (Mammalia: Felidae), Zoology in the Middle East, 2016.
Soofi, M., Qashqaei, A., Aryal, A., Coogan, S., Autumn food habits of the brown bear Ursus arctos in the Golestan National Park: a pilot study in Iran. Mammalia, Vol. 82 (Issue 4), pp. 338-342, 2018.
Stenset, N. E., Lutnæs, P. N., Bjarnadóttir, V., Dahle, B., Fossum, K. H., Jigsved, P., Johansen, T., Neuman, W., Opseth, O., Rønning, O., Steyaert, S.M.J.G., Zedrosser, A., Brunberg, S. & Swenson, J. E., Seasonal and annual variation in the diet of brown bears Ursus arctos in the boreal forest of southcentral Sweden. Wildlife Biology, 22(3), 107-116, 2016.
Swenson, J. E., Adamic, M., Huber, D., Stokke, S., Brown bear body mass and growth in northern and southern Europe. Oecologia 153, 37–47, 2007.
Vlachos, C. G., Bakaloudis, D. E., Dimitriou, M., Kritikou, K., Chouvardas, D., Seasonal food habits of the European Brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the Pindos Mountains, Western Greece. Folia Zool. 49, 19–25, 2000.
Walther, G. R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T. J., Fromentin, J.-M., Ove, H.-G. & Bairlein, F., Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, 416(6879), 389, 2002.
Wilson, D. E. ve Reeder, D. M., Mammal Species Of The World - A Taxonomic And Geographic Reference, JHU Press, 2005.
Zedrosser, A., Støen, O. G., Sæbø, S., & Swenson, J. E., Should I stay or should I go? Natal dispersal in the brown bear. Animal Behaviour, 74(3), 369-376, 2007.
