Karabük Yenice Bölge Ormanlarında Üretilen Tılıa Ballarının Palinolojik ve Fizikokimyasal Analizi ile Tılıa Çiçeklerinin Anatomik Çalışması

Abstract

Monofloral honey is a type of honey which has a distinctive taste, color and aroma due to it is produced predominantly from the nectar of a single plant species by honeybees. Within this study, it was aimed to reveal the melissopalynological and physicochemical properties of monofloral linden honey produced in Yenice, which is 87% covered with forests in Karabük Province and has commercial potential in both our country and the EU market. In addition, it was aimed to shed light on the nectaries of the linden flowers, its structure, and where it is found on the plant. For these purposes, 54 honey samples produced in 13 different locations in Yenice region in 2018 and 2019 were examined. As a result of the melissopalynological analysis, overall 87 taxa belong to 37 families were determined in the honey samples collected from the region. Out of 54 honeys produced in the region, 8 of them are dominant, 7 of them are secondary, 24 of them are minor and 8 of them consist of trace amount of Tilia pollen. On the other hand, any Tilia pollens were not observed in the remaining 7 samples. The taxa with the highest frequency of occurrence of the Yenice region honeys have been determined as Rosaceae (91%), Tilia spp. (87%), Sambucus spp. (83%), Cistus creticus (81%), Clematis vitalba (80%), Paliurus spina-christi (78%), Castanea sativa (67%), Erica spp. (63%), Rosa canina (63%), and Crataegus spp. (61%). It has been found that these taxa exist in different proportions in honeys and also they compose the characteristic pollen spectrum of the regional honey. The total number of pollen (TPS-10) in 10 g of honey was determined as an average 22.174 ±27.024. The average diastase number 18.75 ±7.69, electrical conductivity 0.873 ±0.169 mS/cm, HMF 4,409±2,020 mg/kg, ash 0.288 ±0.068%, humidity 17.60 ±1.24%, pH 4.08 ±0.254, proline 665.955 ±210.527 mg/kg, free acidity 37.57 ±11.74, water-insoluble substance 0.0344 ±0.038 g/100 g, G + F 68.45 ±4.90 g/100 g and sucrose 1.70 ±0.53 g/100 g of honey samples were determined. The element contents of honey samples were found as K> Mg> Na> Ca> Fe> Zn> Mn> Ni> Ba. As a result of the evaluation of the physicochemical analysis parameters with PCA, it was determined that the electrical conductivity, pH, proline and free acidity values can be used as determinant factor at a rate of 86.893%in the differentiation of honeys according to Tilia pollen rates. It has been found that values of Na, Mg and Mn elements 85.6%determining characters. When all analysis parameters are evaluated together, PCA results showed that, in differentiation of honeys according to Tilia pollen ratio, Na, Mg, Mn, free acidity, pH, proline, and conductivity parameters can be used as determinant characters at the rate of 65,385%. As a consequence of the analysis of the volatile components of the honey, it was detected that the ratio of heneicosan, pentacosan and tetracosan was higher in honey with high Tilia pollen. Among the phenolic compounds, phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethyl ethyl), and benzaldehyde among the aldehydes were the most common substances in Tilia honeys. As a result of the morphological and anatomical examinations of the nectaries structures of Tilia tomentosa and T. rubra subsp. caucasica taxa which contribute mainly to the botanical origin of the Yenice honey, it was determined that the nectar was produced by the glandular trichomes in both taxa.