Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of Translation and Interpretation English Translation and Interpretation Programme SPORTS TRANSLATION IN TURKEY: A COMPARATIVE TEXTUAL ANALYSIS ABOUT CYCLING ON CYCLIST UK AND CYCLIST TÜRKİYE Ali İhsan TOKAÇ Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2022 SPORTS TRANSLATION IN TURKEY: A COMPARATIVE TEXTUAL ANALYSIS ABOUT CYCLING ON CYCLIST UK AND CYCLIST TÜRKİYE Ali İhsan TOKAÇ Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Department of Translation and Interpretation English Translation and Interpretation Programme Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2022 KABUL VE ONAY Ali İhsan TOKAÇ tarafından hazırlanan “Sports Translation In Turkey: A Comparative Textual Analysis About Cycling On Cyclist UK And Cyclist Türkiye” başlıklı bu çalışma, 22.08.2022 tarihinde yapılan savunma sınavı sonucunda başarılı bulunarak jürimiz tarafından Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Prof.Dr. Aymil DOĞAN (Başkan) Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Elif ERSÖZLÜ (Danışman) Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Korkut Uluç İŞİSAĞ (Üye) Bu tez çalışmasında Sayın (Unvanı, Adı ve Soyadı) Ortak Danışman olarak görev almıştır. Yukarıdaki imzaların adı geçen öğretim üyelerine ait olduğunu onaylarım. Prof.Dr. Uğur ÖMÜRGÖNÜLŞEN Enstitü Müdürü YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI Enstitü tarafından onaylanan lisansüstü tezimin tamamını veya herhangi bir kısmını, basılı (kağıt) ve elektronik formatta arşivleme ve aşağıda verilen koşullarla kullanıma açma iznini Hacettepe Üniversitesine verdiğimi bildiririm. Bu izinle Üniversiteye verilen kullanım hakları dışındaki tüm fikri mülkiyet haklarım bende kalacak, tezimin tamamının ya da bir bölümünün gelecekteki çalışmalarda (makale, kitap, lisans ve patent vb.) kullanım hakları bana ait olacaktır. Tezin kendi orijinal çalışmam olduğunu, başkalarının haklarını ihlal etmediğimi ve tezimin tek yetkili sahibi olduğumu beyan ve taahhüt ederim. Tezimde yer alan telif hakkı bulunan ve sahiplerinden yazılı izin alınarak kullanılması zorunlu metinleri yazılı izin alınarak kullandığımı ve istenildiğinde suretlerini Üniversiteye teslim etmeyi taahhüt ederim. Yükseköğretim Kurulu tarafından yayınlanan “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” kapsamında tezim aşağıda belirtilen koşullar haricince YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi / H.Ü. Kütüphaneleri Açık Erişim Sisteminde erişime açılır. o Enstitü / Fakülte yönetim kurulu kararı ile tezimin erişime açılması mezuniyet tarihimden itibaren 2 yıl ertelenmiştir. (1) o Enstitü / Fakülte yönetim kurulunun gerekçeli kararı ile tezimin erişime açılması mezuniyet tarihimden itibaren ….. ay ertelenmiştir. (2) o Tezimle ilgili gizlilik kararı verilmiştir. (3) 21/09/2022 ALİ HSAN TOKAÇ 1“Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” (1) Madde 6. 1. Lisansüstü tezle ilgili patent başvurusu yapılması veya patent alma sürecinin devam etmesi durumunda, tez danışmanının önerisi ve enstitü anabilim dalının uygun görüşü üzerine enstitü veya fakülte yönetim kurulu iki yıl süre ile tezin erişime açılmasının ertelenmesine karar verebilir. (2) Madde 6. 2. Yeni teknik, materyal ve metotların kullanıldığı, henüz makaleye dönüşmemiş veya patent gibi yöntemlerle korunmamış ve internetten paylaşılması durumunda 3. şahıslara veya kurumlara haksız kazanç imkanı oluşturabilecek bilgi ve bulguları içeren tezler hakkında tez danışmanının önerisi ve enstitü anabilim dalının uygun görüşü üzerine enstitü veya fakülte yönetim kurulunun gerekçeli kararı ile altı ayı aşmamak üzere tezin erişime açılması engellenebilir. (3) Madde 7. 1. Ulusal çıkarları veya güvenliği ilgilendiren, emniyet, istihbarat, savunma ve güvenlik, sağlık vb. konulara ilişkin lisansüstü tezlerle ilgili gizlilik kararı, tezin yapıldığı kurum tarafından verilir *. Kurum ve kuruluşlarla yapılan işbirliği protokolü çerçevesinde hazırlanan lisansüstü tezlere ilişkin gizlilik kararı ise, ilgili kurum ve kuruluşun önerisi ile enstitü veya fakültenin uygun görüşü üzerine üniversite yönetim kurulu tarafından verilir. Gizlilik kararı verilen tezler Yükseköğretim Kuruluna bildirilir. Madde 7.2. Gizlilik kararı verilen tezler gizlilik süresince enstitü veya fakülte tarafından gizlilik kuralları çerçevesinde muhafaza edilir, gizlilik kararının kaldırılması halinde Tez Otomasyon Sistemine yüklenir. * Tez danışmanının önerisi ve enstitü anabilim dalının uygun görüşü üzerine enstitü veya fakülte yönetim kurulu tarafından karar verilir. ETİK BEYAN Bu çalışmadaki bütün bilgi ve belgeleri akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde ettiğimi, görsel, işitsel ve yazılı tüm bilgi ve sonuçları bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uygun olarak sunduğumu, kullandığım verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapmadığımı, yararlandığım kaynaklara bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunduğumu, tezimin kaynak gösterilen durumlar dışında özgün olduğunu, Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Elif ERSÖZLÜ danışmanlığında tarafımdan üretildiğini ve Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tez Yazım Yönergesine göre yazıldığını beyan ederim. ALİ HSAN TOKAÇ To the cyclists who are not among us… iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to extend my sincere thanks and gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Elif ERSÖZLÜ for her invaluable support and assistance throughout my research. She has been a source of an irreplaceable academic assistance and intellectual support for my thesis. Without her guidance, this thesis could not be completed. I would also like to express my special thanks to my family for their support. Last but not least, I would like to convey my thanks to Hacettepe University for offering the chance to fulfill a master’s degree in the Department of Translation and Interpretation. v ABSTRACT TOKAÇ, Ali İhsan. Sports Translation In Turkey: A Comparative Textual Analysis About Cycling On Cyclist UK And Cyclist Türkiye, Master’s Thesis, Ankara, 2022. In our modern era, the term sports occupies a big place in people’s lives and the translation of sports texts is related directly to this term. From professional purposes to hobby activities, the significance of sports and communication rises more and more. Although some certain popular branches stand out when it comes to sports translation, it is possible to realise that there are indeed some fields which are open for improvement in terms of translational analysis, and the translation of cycling sport is one of them. Therefore, cycling and its population create an important combination for cycling sport in Turkey. This thesis aims to enlighten the current situation of cycling sport as a sports branch and the translation of cycling sport in Turkey. Regarding this fact, the magazines Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye, which has the copyrights of Cyclist UK, have been chosen to form the corpus for this study. As the original source language is English and the target language is Turkish, an analysis will be performed regarding the language use and translational approaches. Terminology transferring strategies will be found out, and the general situation of cycling sport in Turkey and the approaches in the translation of cycling sport will be revealed through the analysis of the current 12 issues of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye magazines. In addition to the detection of the strategies used in the transfer of the terminology belonging to cycling sport, this study also aims to make a content comparison on the translation of popular texts about cycling sport. Under sports translation and in the exclusiveness of the translation of cycling sport, the contents of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye magazines will be compared. Similarities and differences in the contents of those magazines will be emphasized. Consequently, the situation of cycling translation in Turkey will be emphasised. In conjunction with the cycling terminology and the cycling texts which have been translated into Turkish, Vinay & Darbelnet’s translation procedures’ and Skopos theory will be followed. Keywords: sports translation, cycling, cycling terminology, cycling publications, translation strategies vi ÖZET TOKAÇ, Ali İhsan. Türkiye’de Spor Çevirisi: Cyclist UK Ve Cyclist Türkiye Üzerine Bisiklet Sporu Hakkında Karşılaştırmalı Metin Analizi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2022. Modern çağımızda spor kavramı, insanların yaşamlarında büyük bir yer tutmaktadır ve spor metinlerinin çevirisi bu kavramla doğrudan ilişkilidir. Profesyonel amaçlardan hobi aktivitelerine kadar spor ve iletişimin önemi giderek artmaktadır. Söz konusu spor çevirisi olduğunda, belli başlı popüler branşların ön plana çıkmasına rağmen, aslında çeviri analizi açısından gelişime açık bazı diğer alanların olduğunu fark etmek mümkündür ve bisiklet sporu çevirisi bunlardan birisidir. Dolayısı ile toplumlar ve bisiklet spor çevirisi Türkiye’de bisiklet sporu için önemli bir birleşimi oluşturmaktadır. Bu tez, bir spor alanı olarak bisiklet sporunu ve bisiklet sporu çevirisinin Türkiye’deki güncel durumuna ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu durum göz önünde bulundurularak, Cyclist UK dergisi ve Cyclist UK dergisinin telif hakkını elinde bulunduran Cyclist Türkiye dergileri bu çalışmanın bütüncesini oluşturmak üzere seçilmiştir. Kaynak dilin İngilizce, erek dilin Türkçe olduğu bu metinler arasında dil kullanımı ve çeviri yaklaşımları açısından analiz yapılacaktır. Cyclist UK ve Cyclist Türkiye dergilerinin güncel 12 sayısı incelenerek bisiklet sporunun Türkiye’deki genel durumu ve bisiklet sporu çevirisindeki yaklaşımlar ortaya koyulacak ve dergilerde kullanılan bisiklet sporuna ait terminoloji aktarım stratejileri belirlenecektir. Çalışma, bisiklet sporuna ait terminolojinin aktarılmasında kullanılan stratejilerin belirlenmesinin yanısıra, bisiklet sporu ile ilgili popüler metinlerin çevirileri üzerinde bir içerik karşılaştırması yapmayı da amaçlamaktadır. Spor çevirisi altında ve bisiklet spor çevirisi özelinde, Cyclist UK ve Cyclist Türkiye dergilerinin içerikleri karşılaştırılacak, benzerlikler ve farklılıklar ortaya konacaktır. Sonuç olarak ise, bisiklet çevirisinin Türkiye’deki yeri vurgulanacaktır. Bisiklet terminolojisi ve Türkçe’ye çevrilen bisiklet metinleri ile bağlantılı olarak, Vinay & Darbelnet’in çeviri yöntemleri ve Skopos kuramı takip edilecektir. Anahtar sözcükler: spor çevirisi, bisiklet, bisiklet terminolojisi, bisiklet yayınları, çeviri stratejileri vii TABLE OF CONTENTS KABUL VE ONAY .............................................................................................................. i YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI ...................................... ii ETİK BEYAN ..................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... v ÖZET ................................................................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. xi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: SPORTS TRANSLATION ........................................................................ 7 1.1. SPORTS TRANSLATION .................................................................................. 7 1.2. SPORTS TRANSLATION IN TURKEY ........................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2: THE SPORT OF CYCLING AND WRITTEN PUBLICATIONS IN EUROPE AND TURKEY ................................................................................................ 10 2.1. THE PLACE OF CYCLING IN THE UK AND TURKEY ........................... 10 2.2. THE FIELD OF CYCLING AND ITS POPULARITY IN TURKEY .......... 12 2.3. PUBLICATIONS ABOUT CYCLING IN EUROPE AND TURKEY .......... 14 2.3.1. Publications on Cycling in Europe ................................................................ 14 2.3.2. Publications on Cycling in Turkey ................................................................ 15 2.3.3. Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye .................................................................... 16 2.3.4. Differences in Content Between Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye ................ 23 viii CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................ 30 3.1. TEXT TYPES AND CYCLING TEXTS .......................................................... 30 3.2. SKOPOS AND CYCLING TEXTS .................................................................. 31 3.3. TRANSLATION PROCEDURES AND CYCLING TEXTS ......................... 32 3.4. THE TEXTS IN CYCLIST UK AND CYCLIST TÜRKIYE ........................ 34 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY ........................................................................................... 35 4.1. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................. 35 4.1.1. Type of Research ........................................................................................... 35 4.1.2. Data Collection .............................................................................................. 36 4.1.3. Data Analysis ................................................................................................ 37 4.2. APPLYING VINAY & DARBELNET’S TRANSLATION PROCEDURES AND SKOPOS INTO THE TRANSLATION OF CYCLING TEXTS .................... 37 4.3. CASE STUDY ..................................................................................................... 40 4.4. MISCELLANEOUS FINDINGS ...................................................................... 59 4.5. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................... 76 4.6. FINDINGS ........................................................................................................... 77 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS .......................................................................... 78 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 81 APPENDIX 1. ETHICS COMMITTEE EXEMPTION FORM / ETHICS COMMITTEE APPROVAL ............................................................................................ 92 APPENDIX 2. THESIS/DISSERTATION ORIGINALITY REPORT ....................... 94 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Cycling Magazines in Europe ............................................................................... 15 Table 2: Samples for Differences and Omissions in Translation ........................................ 24 Table 3: A Difference About Article Sources ..................................................................... 25 Table 4: A Difference About Article Authors ..................................................................... 26 Table 5: Issues of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye Included In The Analysis .................... 36 Table 6: The Number Of The Translation Procedures Applied .......................................... 77 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Top 10 Sport Branches in Turkey ........................................................................ 13 Figure 2:The Covers of Cyclist Türkiye .............................................................................. 17 Figure 3:The Covers of Cyclist Türkiye – 2 ........................................................................ 17 Figure 4:The Covers of Cyclist Türkiye and Cyclist UK ..................................................... 18 Figure 5:Contents Page Comparison of Cyclist Türkiye and Cyclist UK ............................ 19 Figure 6: Page Outline Comparison of Cyclist Türkiye and Cyclist UK ............................. 20 Figure 7: Advertisements in Cyclist Türkiye ....................................................................... 20 Figure 8: An Example of Changing Images ........................................................................ 22 Figure 9: A Difference About Image Use In Articles ......................................................... 27 Figure 10: Tuck Positions Applied By Professional Riders ................................................ 44 Figure 11: Osymetric Ring .................................................................................................. 45 Figure 12: An Illustration for Cassette ................................................................................ 48 Figure 13: An Illustration for Casette Bite .......................................................................... 48 Figure 14: An Illustration for a Time-Trial Bicycle ............................................................ 51 Figure 15: Kayaking Confusion .......................................................................................... 74 xi SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS MT : Machine Translation SL : Source Language ST : Source Text TL : Second Language Acquisition TT : Target Text TGSP : Türkiye Gençlik Sivil Kuruluşları Platformu 1 INTRODUCTION Sports is a field which has had its own specific place in the lives of people. In many countries of the world, its popularity has grown increasingly, especially in developed and industrialized ones. Particularly after the developments in technology, people have been able to follow almost all kinds of sports activities in other countries as well as in their own countries. This has made sports an important cultural phenomenon, which has, in time, had its effects in most areas from education to international relations (Khan and et al., 2014: 84). In other words, sports have appeared in people’s lives in different ways and affected them in a direct or indirect way, which has given positive contributions to keeping the interest of societies alive. In time, this interest has reached a high level and it cannot be compared to some other fields of interests for people such as literature and art. To put it another way, people seem to give more importance to sports than some other fields of interest. Speaking of its social importance, sports is one of the social activities in which people are interested today (Yetim, 2000: 66). They can spare time for sports in terms of social reasons as well as the ones related to health. In conjunction with this interest, big sports organizations have been established for almost every branch of sports in different parts of the world. Aside from this, media organizations merely broadcasting sports events have become more in number, and magazines and newspapers giving sports news have been published. These have all occurred thanks to the social interest of people, and it had an effect all around the world in sports and its groups. As a consequence of the fact that people have begun to be socially interested in sports, and also, they have even had their own favourite teams in some big branches of it such as football and basketball, sports has had its own realm throughout the world, particularly in the last one hundred years. The growth of sports in the world mainly as a field of interest or hobby for people might surely have contributed to the importance of communication. All people in the world have numerous needs in their daily lives, such as food, water, transportation and travel. Of these needs, one of the most important one is, most probably, the communication, (Katan, 2009: 74), which is mainly conducted in speaking and writing even though it may have other forms such as acting or dressing. From past to present, people have established communication with one another and this has become an indispensable deed in their lives. Related to these needs, communication in sports and sports media has gained importance for people living in different countries in the 2 world as a result of the developments and the rapid growth in sports. Today, there are so many TV channels, magazines, newspapers and web sites related to sports and its different branches. Some broadcast or publish sports events in their own language depending on the country, whereas, others choose English, which is now an international language. When the fact that not all people in the world speak the same language is taken into account, this need will get into focus. With the advancements in technology, people have become more involved in communicating one another than ever before, both in written and verbal forms. However, as people speaking different languages, we may have some difficulty in making contact with people from other cultures or societies (Katan, 2009:75). Globally thinking, when people have felt the need of communicating with others from other nationalities or countries, translation and interpretation have gained significance irrefutably (Baker and Pérez-González, 2011: 40). At this point, again, translation shows itself. For people, it is significant to communicate in their own languages or alphabets. The main point here is the question of how people can communicate with people from other nations. Considering the different languages spoken all around the world, the question that should be asked here is: What can be the very instrument which will enable them to communicate with each other? The answer is the translation and interpreting, which dates back to 3000 BC (Sawant, 2013). Together with the importance of translation as stated above, in the face of the importance of documents or texts in different walks of life or spheres, one of which is the realm of sports, the importance of translation and translators becomes even more important (Çakır, 2020: 153). Translation, whose content is related with sports is called sports translation. It may be on behalf of a player or an athlete, a sports club, a sports federation or any publication to be translated from a SL to a TL. Sports translation can be used in almost all realms of sports such as sports conferences, team meetings or any official correspondence or contracts on behalf of players. Like translation in all fields, translation in sports is a field that requires expertise. It means not every person who speaks a language is able to translate. The person who is to translate a text on sports from a SL into a TL needs to know the field of this specific sports and its terminology. Thus, as in many fields and arenas, the world of sports is also closely associated with translation. Hence, the importance of translation in sports is relatively significant (Boynukara, 2017: 4). 3 Regarding the importance of translation in sports, Olympic Games is a good example. In Olympic Games, most countries send their players or athletes to compete. A multicultural communication becomes present in such an environment. Whether it is an athlete or an administrative representative of countries, not every person can speak one another’s language during the games. What they need to do is that they use a translator both for official correspondence before the games start and interpersonal communication during the games. Whether during the official correspondence between state officials regarding formal procedures or interpersonal communication between the people participating in Olympic Games, any translation error by translators would cause unrecoverable consequences for both sides just as it is in translations of other fields. Relying on the fact that English is the international language as a last resort, officials organising the Olympics take some precautions which assist athletes to communicate with one another (Stücker and et al., 2006: 7), but this time English comes forward with translation and translators naturally become involved in the process. There are two justifications at this point. One is the fact that English has become an international language throughout the world both in written and spoken language (Moulin and Campos, 2017: 31). The other is that not everyone who claims they are competent in a given language can translate from the SL to the TL, here to Turkish, since translation and interpreting require professional approach. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Sports translation is one of the most important branches of translation, especially in Turkey. Apart from the sports fields, which might be regarded as the leading branches in Turkey like football, basketball and volleyball, cycling has been regarded as an important branch in this study. As will be explained in this study, cycling has a low level of popularity when compared to other branches in Turkey (TGSP, 2020: 17). Whether this situation is the same for the publications about cycling leads to our case. Therefore, the translation of cycling language is open for an analysis as the written materials contain technical terms and a deep terminology, which creates a big importance for this study. AIM AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Depending on the situation presented in the Statement of the Problem, this study is firstly in search of enlightening the terminology of cycling publications in Turkey. In this direction, it will focus on the two magazines Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye. The Turkish version includes 4 both translated texts and articles from Cyclist UK and the articles originally written by Turkish authors. The translated texts will be the focus of this study. By doing so, it will be possible to make a comparison between two sources in terms of cycling translation and a comparative analysis will be made. Economical, professional and social factors will have been examined as well as the key facts behind the language use and the sport itself. As for the significance of this study, in literature, studies on translation in sports are not as abundant as other common fields of studies like tourism, politics or economics. This study is believed to create a promising opportunity not only for the improvement of cycling translation but also for the cycling language in Turkey. Furthermore, this study is believed to serve as a model for other fields in sports translation as the studies on other branches may be rare. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study is in search of finding answers for three main questions. The research questions of this study are as follows: (1) What is the situation of cycling publications in Turkey? (2) In the translation of terminology, which methods are mostly used in the translation of cycling sport? Can it be inferred that the translation of cycling texts into Turkish pave the way for an established terminology for cycling sport? (3) Are there differences in meaning between the translated texts and the texts written originally in Turkish? If there are distinctive problems, what is the reason? In order to cover the topic cycling translation, an extensive approach must be followed, which leads us to our first research question. It is a basic yet a critical question. This study has to do with cycling language and its publications; therefore, a clear outline must be found and the borders about the topic must be narrowed down to focus on the main point. After finding an answer for the first research question, significant connections with the cycling sport in Turkey will also be created. One of them might be the level of cycling’s popularity in Turkey. Other factors are expected to follow. The second research question is critical for the comparative analysis of this study. Upon comparing the original texts in Cyclist UK and their translated versions in Cyclist Türkiye, it will be possible to see the methods used during the translation process. After getting the needed 5 data, the study will search for an answer if the translation of the texts makes it easy for Turkish language to develop itself in terms of cycling language. The third research question leads to a comparison in Cyclist Türkiye itself. The translated texts and the Turkish texts will be compared to find out if there are differences in meaning. Any attention-grabbing factor will be focused to provide more detail about the comparative study. The key focus for this question is on the translated texts and local texts in Turkish. METHODOLOGY In this study, a descriptive translation approach will be followed. This thesis compares the two magazines, Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye. 12 issues of both magazines will be taken into consideration and the Case Study will focus on the translated texts from Cyclist UK to Cyclist Türkiye. As there have been a great many of examples found, the data are analysed in subcategories. For the technical terms, Vinay & Darbelnet’s translation procedures will be followed. For the translation functionality, Skopos theory will be regarded. Expert opinion has been taken from Bisiklet Akademisi for the analysis of the technical terminology used in the translated texts of Cyclist Türkiye. For validating the analysis process in its fullest sense, an expert in the field of translation and interpretation has also been consulted. Due to having a dense terminology, the cycling texts translated from English to Turkish may play a negative or a positive role for the cycling language in terms of meaning and comprehension. The hypothesis of this study is that the terminology in the current magazines can affect the cycling language negatively. It would not be wrong to emphasise that it depends on the transfer of the cycling terminology. Hence, the process of translation plays a big part. In order to analyse the translated texts and evaluate the transfer of the terminology, translation strategies are of utmost importance. LIMITATIONS This study is limited to two cycling magazines, Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye. There is also another version named as Cyclist Australia/New Zealand; however, the magazine Cyclist Türkiye gives credits to the UK version on the copyright information page (Cyclist Türkiye, 2022 April: 11), which means the original source is regarded as Cyclist UK by Cyclist Türkiye. In total, 12 issues of the magazines have been compared, for there is a repeating cycle of terminology in English and in Turkish. As sports translation in Turkey is heavily dependent 6 upon the branches football and basketball (Kaplan and Akkaya, 2014: 114), these magazines are regarded to play an important role in the field of cycling. OUTLINE OF THE STUDY In Chapter 1, an introduction will be made to present the situation. To begin with, this thesis will create the needed connections with the main topic by touching upon sports and translation, and also, their importance for different aspects. Statement of the problem will be made, aim and significance of this study will be clarified, research questions will be introduced and limitations will be given. Chapter 2 will cover the sport of cycling and written publications in Europe and Turkey. In addition to this, a brief review on cycling will be given. Contrary to other sports like football, basketball or skiing, which may require extensive and comprehensive physical conditions and a large amount of finance, as inexpensive a branch of sports as it is, cycling might not be so favourable in Turkey. This being the case, not enough publications can be found on this type of sports to be analysed and examined in the sense of translational studies on it. In Chapter 3, the situation of cycling in the United Kingdom, also in Europe, and in Turkey will be focused on. Important aspects, such as economical, social, and professional, will be taken into consideration to shed light on the basic facts having effect on the sport itself. In Chapter 4, being the main body of this thesis study, the methodology will be introduced and an in-depth textual analysis of translation and terminological examination on cycling will be carried out. The materials for this part will be from the issues of Cyclist Türkiye and they will be examined. After completing this part, this study will answer its research questions. 7 CHAPTER 1: SPORTS TRANSLATION In this Chapter, the literature about sports translation will be examined, as this study deals with cycling translation under the umbrella of sports translation. Definitions to be used in this study will be given and the key points will be emphasised as much as possible. After mentioning sports translation in its grand scheme, the approaches and strategies that can be used for cycling translation will be taken into consideration. Therefore, particular focus will be given to sports translation since cycling has its exceptional characteristics as a branch as well as its language. So, within the limits of this thesis, it is significant for this study to create a point of view about sports translation. 1.1. SPORTS TRANSLATION To give a broad definition of sports translation or translation in sports, it can be defined as the translated or converted form of speeches, conversations or written documents in the SL into the TL (Kravariti, 2018). While translation in sports necessitates word-for-word harmony in sports, some metaphors can be used during interpreting (Shebab and Nazzal, 2020: 29). However, an expertise is discernly needed in both cases so as not to give rise to any misunderstandings or misleadings. Translators or interpreters should have a good comand of the SL and the TL as well as having an idea of what is going on in the field of sports they make translation or interpreting. A good example for this would be the Olympic Games. Social transformations that took place over time in the history have helped researchers define what sports translation and interpretation is (Uyanık, 2015: 32). In time, new branches of translation appeared and settled as people got involved in them. Sports events and specific publications, Olympic Games, worldwide journalism and their broadcasting, championships and their series are some of the examples which created a baseline for sports translation to be approached as a unique field in translation. Regarding this, sports translation covers the written materials about the sports and their translation. It has sub-branches and it is possible to see them named after the related branch like cycling translation. 8 Like any other kind of translation, it must be kept in mind that sports translation requires professional attention. The reason for this is that any sport branch has its own unique jargon and style in terms of sports language. For instance, metonymic expressions, figurative meanings and shifts in language use can be seen. That being the case, sports translation needs to be handled at a professional level. Such a professional dominance of a translator might be regarded as a must for a healthy and successful translation. In the sense of sports translation, the translator can face basic problems such as the analysis of the source text, the conduction of the meaning and the evaluation of the target text (Ünsal, 2019: 122). Hence, the materials and publications can be said to create the core of the translational process. Press releases, books of rules, websites about teams and events, and sports news could be given as some of the exemplary materials that are under the cover of sports translation (Uyanık, 2017: 102). In addition to the basic problems a translator might face, sports branches and their translation in written publications can also be said to be in a continuous flow, which makes it important for the translators to keep up with what is happening in that specific sport branch. Thus, the issues of the sports magazines are significant for the translator to follow up. There is another important case about sports translation. As a result of the universality of sports, sports terminology shows similarities in different languages, resulting in the use of loan words in the target culture (Uyanık, 2017: 112). An exemplary difficulty in sport translation could be that it is possible to witness that words can be directly transferred among other languages as technical terms. Because of the rapid production of the materials, and the rapid need of their translation, there might not be enough time for the translator to find the accurate technical expression in that material. Hence, a race against time could also be the point in question. News or magazines, on the other hand, can be written to draw attention of the reader. The translation of sports news or magazines might therefore be shaped correspondingly when we take aesthetics and creativity into consideration. Sports translators may find the most suitable way to perform their translation in accordance with the information to be received, the type and the purpose of the text. Context can also be added. The sport of cycling has its unique character as a branch and the cycling language consists of its unique terms and expressions. As Jean-Pierre Licois states, sport branches which are physically tough generally build their own special terms and expressions, and cycling is one of 9 them (Ünsal, 2019: 129). Regarding these facts, the translation of cycling language should be approached carefully and professionally. 1.2. SPORTS TRANSLATION IN TURKEY Sports translation and interpretation in Turkey cannot be said to have reached its full acceptance at the professional level in the field but it is possible to see that meetings and conferences about sports translation and interpretation are being held (Uyanık, 2015: 39). Communities in universities have a big importance on sports translation and interpreting as sports translation is open for development at the academical level. In addition, the MA theses can be shown as written studies about sports translation (Uyanık, 2015: 39, 40). Also, it might be said that the current situation and the future of sports translation depend partly on the actions taken in the field of sports publications. Together with the conferences and meetings about sports translation and interpreting, sports translation has a potential, which can bring a positive effect with itself. Correlatively, it can be possible to see an embodiment of the discussions and opininon-sharings in such gatherings. Therefore, the presence of sports translation in Turkish publications might be said to have a significant part hereby. On every occasion, a special attention seems to be significant for the sake and function of translation, either worldwide or in Turkey. When we take into consideration that the foreign terms are one of the important problems in sports news (Bulut, 2018: 16), this fact becomes more critical. In parallel with the facts mentioned above, it is a field requiring an expertise of having the capability of analysing the sentences to be translated. It is present for every type of translation (Erton and Tanbi, 2016: 40). For this reason, the process of translation in sports has the characteristics to be carried only by professionals whose main jobs are not different (Pérez- González and Susam-Saraeva, 2012: 157). It would not be wrong to mention that these are just the same for cycling translation as well. Such aspects are inevitably among the key points which cannot be disregarded. Above all, sports translation and its concepts become more of an issue for cycling sport and its translation. In this sense, cycling and its written publications will be covered in the next Chapter. 10 2. CHAPTER 2: THE SPORT OF CYCLING AND WRITTEN PUBLICATIONS IN EUROPE AND TURKEY This Chapter will cover cycling and publications on cycling in Europe and Turkey. Special elements that might have effect on cycling and its translation will be mentioned. Here, the place of cycling in both cultures, being the UK and Turkey, is to be referred in terms of different aspects. When considered from this point of view, this chapter has indeed a close relationship with the translation of cycling sport. This chapter is also significant for our first research question. As mentioned before, translation does not only consist of using dictionaries and special tools whether manually or on computer. Since it has to do with the languages themselves, their culture is to be grasped. Most particularly, when dealing with a unique branch like cycling, its place in both cultures must be examined in detail, for the language used is quite open to be affected. Therefore, publications, professional teams, countries’ laws and races which are organised will be covered in this Chapter. Following this, Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye will be compared to indicate the similarities and differences between those magazines regarding the use of language and the content. 2.1. THE PLACE OF CYCLING IN THE UK AND TURKEY To begin with, unlike other sports, like running, tennis or swimming, one needs more than several equipment to perform cycling in a proper way. For cycling clothes, for instance, cycling shoes, helmets, glasses, jerseys and gloves for different seasons are just some of the basic needs. Besides, a cyclist will definitely have technical needs such as wheelsets, chains, tires and more. We must keep in mind that cyclists need the related equipment either for hobby activities or for professional intentions. Considering these facts, cycling might easily be regarded as an expensive sport because of the affordability of such equipment. Due to being a relatively expensive sports branch, cycling may not be seen among the most popular sports branches in Turkey. Either as a hobby or a professional occupation, the situation might be the same. It can also affect people’s thoughts on this branch in Turkey depending on its popularity. 11 In the UK, cyclists can have easy access to online handbooks on the rules of cycling; this can be a proof of the differing approaches embraced by different cultures and countries towards the sport. The handbook in UK is The Highway Code 59 to 82, by which people can be guided how to move on a bicycle in the streets, take turns and do other actions. In Turkey’s Traffic Law, there are only 7 basic rules about bicycles in traffic. Right at this point, it would not be much of a surprise to hear that there are more separated cycling roads, and naturally, more tolerance for cyclists in the UK. When combined with the fact of ‘lack of equipment’, riding on public roads with no separated area for cyclists unfortunately leads to severe injuries and even deaths. After mentioning the basic facts about cycling, it might be needed to see what is happening in the sport of cycling about professional cycling teams between the UK and Turkey. There are four tiers in the sport of cycling. There are Elite Domestic Racing, which is the lowest tier, Continental Level, Professional Continental and World Tour Level, which is the highest tier. Turkey has only two racing teams, on the continental level, and there are 38 teams based in the UK and most of them are far more professional than continental teams and they are competing on big World Tours, such as Tour de France and Giro d’Italia. While Tour of Antalya, one of the biggest cycling races organised in Turkey, took place for the 4th time from 10th to 13th of February in 2022, TRT Spor, one of Turkey’s most viewed sports channels, did not present a specific podcast or a TV show in its broadcast list about this specific event, and its broadcast streaming indeed consisted mostly of football. Cycling was not included. Regarding women’s cycling, it would not be surprising to emphasise that there are not many texts written with the aim of raising awareness for women’s cycling in the UK version, for there are already women’s races taking place, and hence, a more settled understanding in Europe is more likely to be present. As a brief example, Tour de France can be given. It is world’s one of the greatest cycling tours and the management team of the race has announced that they will launch a new cycling race for women and it is called Tour de France Femmes. The race will take place in a period of 8 days in 2022. Another supporting fact is The Women’s Tour in the UK. It is such a significant encouragement that the race is planned to be held on weekdays for school children to witness the event. Such facts play a big role not only in the society’s general attitude towards the sport but also to the importance of cycling texts and their translation because events like these are arranged mostly across Europe. 12 In respect of the publications, a UK reader may find 12 magazines related to cycling, which will be covered under 2.3.1. in this Chapter. This indicates that there is a settled sports culture in the UK in terms of the cycling magazines. This also means a proper language usage of the specific terminology within the barriers of the language itself. Hence, new technical terms or team line-up guidelines or even particular races and their names can be expressed in certain ways, which brings a unity that helps to create a common understanding. In Turkey, however, there are Cyclist Türkiye and Bike Pedia, being the only two sources regarding the sport of cycling. Unlike many magazines and newspapers published and written in the fields of football and basketball, it is likely to be much harder to create a common terminology and language use about cycling in Turkey when compared to these sport branches (Eruz, 2003: 59). On this textual basis, cycling may be considered as ‘new’ in Turkey. Indeed, these facts create the core of our first research question. In order to cover the main situation of cycling sport’s publications in Turkey, it is of utmost importance to see the place of cycling in Turkey. The mentioned facts are also significant as it is possible to see their traces in 2.3.3. in this Chapter. Correspondingly, this study is based on two magazines, Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye. Hence, the situation in the UK has also been included in this part of the study. More to the point, a short introduction for the language of cycling and its connections with the sport has been made. 2.2. THE FIELD OF CYCLING AND ITS POPULARITY IN TURKEY With the attention to put the light on the place of cycling in Turkey, this study will move on by mentioning a relatively recent study, which shows ten most popular sport branches in Turkey. As this study chases the answer to its first research question, this research has a critical place for this part of the study. To begin with, the place of cycling in Turkey will be emphasised. Hence, a study about the popularity of sports branches in Turkey will be used. Cycling will be pointed out among the top 10 branches in Turkey. The research is shown as below: 13 Figure 1: Top 10 Sport Branches in Turkey *In a study composed of top 10 sport branches in Turkey, cycling comes in the 9th place (TGSP, 2020: 17). As may be inferred from the chart presented above, there are relatively or comparatively less written resources in Turkish on cycling when compared to other sports. This lack of written material may then lead to the insufficiency of resources for the translators of journals or magazines (especially contemporary ones) in locating localized terminology. This in turn may be correlated to the ‘so-called’ plainer and less specialised language use in such publications in Turkish. Also, it may be regarded as a negative fact for cycling when we take its own characteristics into consideration, especially its improvement and settlement in Turkey and Turkish, as explained in 2.1. in this Chapter. When we move on with some publications about football, for example, we might mention Turkish football teams’ own magazines, Şut ve Gol!, Futbol Extra and Fitbol. These sources are some of the written materials in the field of football, thanks to its higher popularity compared to other branches. Unfortunately, this is not the same for cycling, for there are only two magazines in Turkey, Cyclist Türkiye and Bike Pedia. When the daily newspapers in Turkey are taken into consideration, it may not be so easy to see a news article about the field of cycling. 25 9,5 8,1 7,5 4,8 2,5 2,4 2,2 1,8 1,8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Fo otball (2 5) Volle yb all (9 ,5) Bask etball (8 ,1) Sw im ming ( 7,5) Fit ness / B ody B uild ing ( 4,8) Kick -Boxin g ( 2,5) Te nnis ( 2,4) Boxin g ( 2,2) Cycl ing ( 1,8) Gym nast ics (1 ,8) Top 10 Sports Branches in Turkey (By Their Percentage) 14 2.3. PUBLICATIONS ABOUT CYCLING IN EUROPE AND TURKEY For this part of the study, a brief information will be given about the cycling publications in Europe and Turkey. The aim of this move is to see the big picture about cycling and its position in Turkey before moving on to the Case Study. The publications on cycling in Europe will be compared to the publications on cycling in Turkey in order to explicate the possible reasons behind the non-specialised language use and lack of localised terminology in Turkish magazines on cycling. 2.3.1. Publications on Cycling in Europe Contemporary periodic publications play an important role in the awareness raising efforts about a sport; in addition to this, there is the fact that the number of publications available in a certain language will contribute to both the terminology and discourse and the ‘literature’ of the field. In the light of this train of thought, the number of publications in English is far richer than those published in or translated into Turkish. This may be due to the media support for a specific sport, the popularity of the sport in the country and other factors. Nevertheless, the fact remains obvious that specialised magazines in foreign languages on branches of cycling such as mountain biking, road cycling abound in variety whereas this is not the case in Turkey where both variety and quantity are limited. The following table shows some of the magazines published in Europe and their specialisations. According to our source of information, some of them are as follows: 15 Table 1: Cycling Magazines in Europe NAME FIELDOF SPECIALIZATION Cycling Weekly All branches of cycling, road heavily MBR Magazine (Mountain Bike Rider) Mountain biking Cyclocross Magazine Cyclocross and gravel Cycling Plus All branches of cycling, road heavily Mountain Biking UK Mountain biking Procycling All branches of cycling, road heavily Cranked Mountain biking Singletrack For middle-aged mountain bikers a to b Folding bikes, e-bikes Cycling Electric E-bikes Rouleur Cycling teams, rider profiles, brands about cycling Cyclist UK All branches of cycling, road heavily This table indicates that cycling publications have their own place in the European media. As seen, the magazines cover not only cycling but also its sub-branches. Mountain biking, e-bikes, middle-aged mountain bikers and cyclocross are some of these mentioned sub-branches. It is possible to find special publications and articles about them. Let alone reading about the sport itself from a general view, it is also possible for the readers to experience a specialised reading experience about different fields of cycling. 2.3.2. Publications on Cycling in Turkey In addition to Cyclist Türkiye, there is another magazine, Bike Pedia. It is one of the two magazines published specifically in the field of cycling in Turkey. After mentioning the diversity of cycling magazines in Europe, it must be mentioned that these two Turkish magazines cover the general aspects of cycling. While Cyclist Türkiye is a paid magazine, Bike Pedia is Turkey’s first free cycling magazine. It must also be pointed out that Bike Pedia is written by local writers, and thus, it is fully a local magazine. In addition, Bike Pedia also runs a cycling team. 16 Unfortunately, except for these two magazines, there is not much about cycling publications in Turkey. When combined with the facts covered in this Chapter, it can be referred that cycling sport is rather a new sport in Turkey. It is open to develop itself not only for raising awareness on behalf of itself but also for the language use, and of course, for the improvement of sports translation. So far, the analysis intends to create the necessary baseline about cycling sport and its publications in Turkey in search of finding an answer to the first research question of this study. By doing so, it will be easier to create a better connection with the sports translation. This study aims to provide a wide range of perspectives in order to serve a good example as much as possible. 2.3.3. Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye Having released its first issue in November 2012, Cyclist is a 9-year-old magazine in the UK. It is a monthly magazine with its rich content on cycling routes across Europe, big tours in the world, facts and criticism about professional cyclists, daily use of bicycles and tips about commuting and nutrition and recipes. It must be added that technical analyses on cycling tours and races. Also, advertisements have a big place in the issues. Having released its first issue in March 2015, the magazine Cyclist Türkiye, like Cyclist UK, consists of technical analyses, new cycling routes and comments on those routes, nutrition tips and recipes for cyclists, news and discussions about the sport of cycling as a professional field, and advertisements. Both magazines publish their issues on a monthly schedule. Upon analysing all the 12 issues, this study has found out the covers of both magazines are not the same for every single issue. As seen below, Cyclist Türkiye includes articles that are significant for Turkish audience. The topics of these articles can be regarded to have an impact as well. Forest fires, newly built cycling roads, new and safe riding routes for cyclists in Turkey, cyclists who had serious accidents are the most notable matters. Example illustrations about the covers are listed as figures below. Despite having the same name and outline, there are some issues for which Cyclist Türkiye chooses its own topics on the cover page. Significant topics like fires in forests, new cycling roads and routes and the cyclists who had serious accidents (shown in the Figure 2) are some of them. 17 Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 November Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 August Figure 2:The Covers of Cyclist Türkiye As explained in this Chapter, the sport of cycling in Turkey has its own difficulties relying on many factors. Separated cycling roads and unwanted accidents are some of those factors. These covers are the illustrations which create a parallel connection with the topic 2.1. in this Chapter. Just by checking the covers, one might get a general opinion about the situation of cycling sport in Turkey. However, not all the covers of the two magazines are different. There are some issues of Cyclist Türkiye in which they have chosen the same topic as the original source Cyclist UK, as seen in Figure 3 below. Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 March Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 May Figure 3:The Covers of Cyclist Türkiye – 2 18 Despite not being published on the same month, the same covers have been used on different issues of Turkish version. When we check Figure 4 below, it is seen that the contents and general outline of both magazines are the same. Except for the website information cyclist.co.uk, the general outline is not divergent, including font types and the order of the cover pages. It must also be added that Cyclist Türkiye keeps the original font type and the page order even when they go with their unique cover page; that’s why, there is a parallelism between the two magazines. Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 December Cyclist UK, 2021 October Figure 4: The Covers of Cyclist Türkiye and Cyclist UK The form inside the magazine has been kept the same on the side of Cyclist Türkiye, as seen in the next visual, Figure 5. A remarkable point is that the text order of each issue for Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye are not the same. This is mainly because Cyclist Türkiye also gives place to the local news in Turkey on their pages, rather than fully focusing on Cyclist UK. As this means extra content for them, the inside might be changing, although the form does not change. 19 Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 February Cyclist UK, 2021 February Figure 5:Contents Page Comparison of Cyclist Türkiye and Cyclist UK As seen in Figure 5, the text order on each issue of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye is not completely the same. Upon analysing the 12 issues of both magazines, this study has discovered that not all the texts and articles in Cyclist Türkiye are translated. There are columns which have been written by local writers and columnists but most of the written materials are translations from English to Turkish. They are of utmost importance in terms of finding substantial data. Comparing them with the translated texts will help this study move further in the next chapters. Information and critics about races, supplement and nutrition advices for riders, famous routes in the UK and Europe, technical analyses about cycling equipment make the most of the translated materials. As for the next figure, Figure 6, it is possible to see the images in the translated texts of Cyclist Türkiye are the same as in the source text. The topics on the upper corners are located differently since the number of the page on Cyclist UK is even, which means the page is on the left when the magazine is opened, and this is vice versa for Cyclist Türkiye. It is also obvious that cyclistmag.com.tr has been given as the website for Cyclist Türkiye on the bottom of the page, which can be said to have a uniqueness for the Turkish version. 20 Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 May Cyclist UK, 2021 May Figure 6: Page Outline Comparison of Cyclist Türkiye and Cyclist UK Advertisements such as local bike shops have been included in the issues of Cyclist Türkiye. As in Figure 7, some advertisements include Cyclist Türkiye’s products like cycling jerseys, caps, mugs and bags. Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 September: 4 Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 September: 116 Figure 7: Advertisements in Cyclist Türkiye 21 For the specific example below, Figure 8, a reader friendly move for the Turkish audience made by Cyclist Türkiye can be seen easily. Because the image is taken from the Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey, the likelihood for the target audience to feel more familiar with text can be higher. As for the images used in the original text in Cyclist UK and in Cyclist Türkiye are not the same. On the page of the Turkish version, one can recognise Mark Cavendish in the turquoise jersey, which is a special jersey in the Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey. This is an indicator that Cyclist Türkiye is in search of creating a comfort zone of reading in which the reader does not feel alienated; therefore, the images from a local race can be chosen. Regarding cycling’s level of professionality in comparison with Europe, a positive impact can be seen on making the sport look as much familiar as possible for the target audience. 22 Cyclist UK, 2021 September: 84, 85 Cyclist Türkiye, 2022 January: 66, 67 Figure 8: An Example of Changing Images 23 Again, this specific Chapter has a monolithic structure in itself and it is created by following its first research question. Covering Cyclist Türkiye in this part has naturally to do with cycling’s main situation in Turkey. As for the further findings, this study will move on by touching upon the differences between Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye. 2.3.4. Differences in Content Between Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye Before examining the written materials translated from Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye, this study will fulfill an analysis on the content. The findings are more about the structure and the general build-up of both magazines. Therefore, this part deals with the spotted differences in content. After comparing 12 issues of each magazine, this study has found that there are remarkable diversities in content of the Turkish version. One of them, for example, is that there are texts specifically written so as to raise awareness for the sport of cycling in Turkish society. It is possible to give a variety of examples from the interviews of the president of Turkish Cycling Federation about improving the situation of women’s cycling to Olympic level in Turkey (Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 December: 26) to calling attention for cyclists in traffic to prevent fatal accidents ocurring in Turkey (Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 May: 91). On the other hand, the UK version has relatively more texts which cover the technical in-depth reviews about products and other topics about cycling. Such an example would be gravel bikes development (Cyclist UK, 2021 April: 108). One of the different points between Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye is the omitted parts in texts. To set an example to emphasise such parts in translation, a table of information is as follows: 24 Table 2: Samples for Differences and Omissions in Translation PAGE UK 11.2021 PAGE TR 12.2021 124 £12,000 (the price of the bicycle Dogma F Disc) 102 - 124 Contact: pinarello.com 102 İletişim: xxxxxxxxx PAGE UK 01.2022 PAGE TR 01.2022 15 Pro Stealth Team saddle £179.99, freewhee.co.uk 19 Pro Stealth Team sele bike.shimano.com 15 Kask Wasabi helmet (£239), velobrands.co.uk 19 Kask Wasabi kask aslibisiklet.com PAGE UK 07.2021 PAGE TR 12.2021 32 ROTOR Q RINGS DM £178.99 velotechservices.co.uk 19 ROTOR Q RINGS DM baytekin.com.tr PAGE UK 12.2021 PAGE TR 12.2021 13 Cervélo R5 Force eTap AXS Disc, £8,599, cervelo.com 17 Cervélo R5 Force eTap AXS Disk, bisikletcumhuriyeti.com As for the articles containing technical information about new bicycles, cycling equipment and cycling parts, the traces of significant changes can be seen. There are many products that are introduced in Cyclist UK. There must be a possibility for them to be considered expensive or unstable in Turkish Liras. As mentioned before, cycling is relatively an expensive sport in Turkey and the reason behind the changes and omissions in translation can be explained as a consequence of fluctuation in the currency. The prices of the products in Turkey are likely to have a drastic change not only because the products are mostly imported from other countries but also because of their unstable prices in Turkish market. Except for these omissions of the product prices, it can be seen that Turkish websites have been given as the sources for the products. This step can be taken due to some specific conditions. That the readers may wish to buy the products or take a closer look at them can be one of the reasons behind. It is indeed a good move because a more suitable setting can be created for the products to be recognised in target culture and its language. Readers can visit the sources and learn more about the introduced products, which will make it possible for the target language 25 to have a chance to build its own specific terminology on a gradual basis. Any little step taken by Cyclist Türkiye is therefore significant for the cycling language in Turkish as this magazine is one of the two publications about this unique sport in Turkey. In both magazines, all the images used in the review articles are the same. The visuals have been kept as they are in the original version. However, as shown in the Table 3, there are some pieces of information in which a change can be caught. The missing information as stated in the previous paragraph are the related examples about this situation. What is also perplexing is the part where İletişim: xxxxxxxxx is given. Instead, this part could have been easily skipped rather than stressing on xxxxxxxxx. It is a clear indication that Cyclist Türkiye may have editorial problems when such an expression is considered critically. The disparities that will be faced in this study not only have to do with the translational process and the decision making of the translator but also with the editorial uncertainties. There is also a difference with the sources of the articles: Table 3: A Difference About Article Sources PAGE UK 03.2021 PAGE TR 03.2021 88 To see the full, unedited list of expert predictions for 2021 go to cyclist.co.uk/2021 predictions 86 - As for this specific example in the table, the explanation at the end of the article is not included in Turkish version. In the mentioned article, some predictions about cyclists and cycling races have been made and shared with the readers. As the original predictions have been made by the staff of Cyclist UK, the source is therefore not available for the translated text of Cyclist Türkiye. This is actually never seen by the readers in TL; however, it would have been an original move by Cyclist Türkiye if they had given their own source for the predictions because there is a connected point about this example. In the same translated article, three predictors and their predictions have been taken out. Instead, three Turkish predictors as the staff of Cyclist Türkiye and their predictions about the topic have been given place. For that purpose, three predictors in the original text have been excluded, which can be regarded as a move to provide a warmer reading experience for their readers. The list of the predictors is as shown below: 26 Table 4: A Difference About Article Authors The Predictor List Cyclist UK, 2021 March Pages: 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 The Predictor List Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 March Pages: 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 Daniel Lloyd Daniel Lloyd Ned Boulting Ned Boulting Greg LeMond Greg LeMond Anthony McCrossan Sarper Günsal* José Been José Been Carlton Kirby Carlton Kirby Matt White Matt White Seb Piquet Erman Öner* Declan Quigley Caner Eler* Sean Kelly Sean Kelly In general terms, this means that Cyclist Türkiye seems to be in search of creating their own signature moves at certain points; however, it may not always be possible because they mostly rely on the texts which are originally written in English, except for the local texts that they create. Against everything, further steps can be taken by Cyclist Türkiye to create a better baseline for cycling language and reading experience for their audience. By doing so, the settlement of cycling sport in Turkish culture can be supported. Hence, the language of cycling in Turkish, and connectedly, the translation of this sport might inevitably be positively affected. However, there may also be other differences and an example is as follows: 27 Cyclist UK, 2021 April: 96, 97 Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 April: 94, 95 Figure 9: A Difference About Image Use In Articles 28 As shown above, in the article Bisikletim Nerede?, Cyclist Türkiye has kept the visuals with the same outline and signs. BIKES and pound signs £ are the same in the TT. BİSİKLETLER and the sign of Turkish currency ₺ could have been given, which is not present for this example. Therefore, it may be considered as an insufficiency of editing after the translation process. Continuing with the further examples of Cyclist Türkiye’s content, we might see the most apparent factors again. As explained before in this Chapter, the sport of cycling does not have a high popularity among many other branches in Turkey. The further examples in the content of Cyclist Türkiye therefore have to do with the unfortunate crashes and events happened to cyclists due to a lack of understanding and awareness for cyclist in the society. One of the most prominent one is Barış ASA. He is not only on the cover in the Turkish version (Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 March: Cover), but also an interview with him has been carried out and presented on the issue. He is a cyclist who had a crash because of a reckless driver while fixing his flat tyre on the side of the road (Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 March: 67). This is, unluckily, a supporting incident showing that this sport and everything about this sport needs to be recognized in Turkey. This study, upon analysing the 12 issues of both magazines, could not find any similarity about such fatal crashes with Cyclist UK. To add, an even more heartbreaking example is the article about Umut GÜNDÜZ, a cyclist who passed away because of another reckless driver’s apathy (Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 April: 60). Another important feature is that there are introductions about the newly built and opened roads for cyclists in Turkey (Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 July: 91), which, again, could not be found in the original version. On one hand, in the original version, one can find more articles about the routes for cyclists (Cyclist UK, 2021 February: 64), yet Turkish version is more about raising awareness about improving the current situation of cycling in Turkey. The article Bisikletli Ulaşım Hak Mıdır? can be shown as a related material hereby (Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 March: 52). In this article, the topic of travelling on bicycle is covered and it is analysed regarding the situation of cities and their roads. The structure of the cities and how the cities are formed are mentioned in order to take a proper look at the topic. Naturally, opinions are expressed by the authors in parallel with the sport of cycling. Finally, in this Chapter, it is possible to find answers for our first research question: What is the main situation of cycling sport’s publications in Turkey? First, efforts have been made to understand the cycling sport both in UK and in Turkey. Then, it has been emphasised that there are two publications about cycling in Turkey and they are mentioned in general terms. 29 Cyclist Türkiye includes the texts which are translated from English. It has been seen that Cyclist Türkiye relies basically on Cyclist UK in terms of the general outline of the magazine, the images used and as such. However, there are certain points where Cyclist Türkiye creates its own path by including topics which belongs to the target culture. The two magazines have been compared and contrasted with regards to form and content, and similarities and differences have been shown between Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye. It has been found out that these above- mentioned facts are all connected to each other. This study will continue with taking a look at the theoretical analysis of translational theories. 30 3. CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Theoretical background of the study has a significant role in terms of showing a path for the translational theories for this thesis. On the way to carry out the translational analysis, the functional translational theories will be benefitted. Hence, in this part, the translational theories will be clearly explained and necessary connections will be made. By doing so, the connection between the Case Study and translational theories will be clarified. One must be aware that the language of cycling sport does not only consist of some plain technical terms. It also has significant characteristics which cover these terms and serve the information by using different ways of expressions. That being the case, this study finds it quite vital not only to analyse the terms and expressions which are exclusive for the sport of cycling, but also touch upon the way they are served in the texts. Regarding the translated texts from English to Turkish, this study will put three major elements in the centre for its progression. 3.1. TEXT TYPES AND CYCLING TEXTS To begin with the first step, the text types and Skopos will be the point in question. Basically, the existence of any text depends on a purpose, so do their translations. It is not possible to regard all the texts in the world as one type and create a stable approach to them. When we consider the fact that publications, books, articles and many other written materials have different topics and focal points, we can understand that each of them has its own purpose. At this point, it is needed to comprehend the texts and their types in parallel with their purposes. Informative, operative and expressive texts are the main categorisation hereby (Reiss and Vermeer, 2014: 183). To express briefly, it can be said that operating instructions will convey the necessary information to enable the reader to use an object correctly, and informative type is the one which is mentioned here. As one can tell, the texts with their informing features are meant by informative. A typical example would be biography books as they contain mostly of pure information about people and their lives. Following this, expressive texts include materials rich in expressions in terms of aesthetic design like poems. Rather than focusing completely on the information that lies within, the way the information is served can be said to be the key 31 focus for expressive texts. Finally, the operative type includes an expectancy by the sender of the message or the text to see a reaction in the reader. Commercial materials and advertisements could be related examples for it. Cycling texts, on the other hand, are not a certain resident of a text type. Instead, they have the character which includes informative, expressive and operative types at the same time. Technical analyses of cycling products can be named as informative texts, the stories about cycling races are expressive, and advertisements in the field of cycling sport belong to the operative type. Just like every written material, cycling texts have specific goals. By taking cycling magazines into account, such as Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye, it is possible to see all of the types under one cover page. 3.2. SKOPOS AND CYCLING TEXTS Correlatively with text types, there is an inevitably significant theory to be pointed out in the field of translation, Skopos by Hans J. Vermeer. The highest rule of a theory of translational action is the ‘Skopos rule’: any action is determined by its purpose, i.e. it is a function of its purpose or Skopos (Reiss and Vermeer, 2014: 90). Not only is it significant to fulfill the translational action in sports texts so as to provide a healthy transfer among languages, but also it has a critical importance to help create a common and understandable terminology regarding a type of sports in a culture in which the language cannot be regarded as fully settled. As Vermeer and Reiss present, Skopos theory is a functionalist view. Vermeer explained it as an intercultural communicative and actional field and the name comes from Greek aim or purpose (Boynukara, 2017: 3). From this point of view, Skopos can in fact be applied in three ways, and thus have three senses: a. The translation process, and hence the goal of this process; b. The translation result, and hence the function of the translatum (target text) c. The translation mode, and hence the intention of this mode (Venuti, 2012: 194). Related to this specific topic, there is another related term, commission. It means the instruction, given by oneself or by someone else, to carry out a given action, and it is to translate. In addition, a commission comprises as much detailed information as possible on the goal and the conditions under which the intended goal should be attained (Venuti, 2012: 199). In this sense, the commissioner is the client and the translator is the expert in translational action. Source texts 32 and target texts are therefore of utmost importance for the process, again. When we take Skopos into consideration with this understanding, the goal is defined by the commission, and for Skopos to be defined precisely, the commission is to be specific. On this base, the translator can find the possible adjustment and the translational process can continue on an effective way. Translator’s intention, the aim of the translated text and the function of translation are the three key factors playing role to achieve the target in translation by Hans Vermeer (Yazıcı, 2005: 147). Focusing on them will enlighten this study in terms of analysing the language of cycling not only in terms of its terminological use but also in its general sense. Right at this point, this study is in search for analysing whether Cyclist Türkiye and its staff create a balance in cycling language or not, as it is one of the two leading publications in this field in Turkey. As for the focus of this study, the translated cycling texts are to be reviewed for the sake of cycling translation and its analysis. Therefore, whether the translation of the language of cycling has been done in a harmonious and effective way is open for analysis. In addition to this, it is significant how well the present translated cycling texts meet the expectation concerning Skopos. 3.3. TRANSLATION PROCEDURES AND CYCLING TEXTS After mentioning the text types, their Skopos and their connection with cycling, it must also be mentioned that cycling language has its own technical terminology, which gives a characteristic feature to this sport’s language. In any sort of text, it is highly possible to find the traces of this terminology. Therefore, proper procedures about translation must be followed not only in terms of expressing cycling’s terminology in a good way but also for creating a suitable environment for the terminology to develop itself in TL. As this study focuses on the cycling texts which are translated from Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye, the analysis of the technical terms’ translation becomes more of an issue, as well. In addition to the text types and their Skopos, another criteria of evaluation has been chosen by this study in search of making a proper comparative analysis. Hereby, the point in question is Vinay & Darbelnet’s translation procedures. According to Vinay & Darbelnet, translators create connections while transferring the expressions between the two languages. At some moments, performing a proper translation might happen on the translator’s side at once, or at least in a certain period of time. At other moments, it might not 33 happen so rapidly. However, there are always further steps of translation procedures to be taken when translating, whether immediately or slowly in time. There are seven procedures under two major translation methods that Vinay & Darbelnet mention to be leading the translator for finding the most appropriate expression between pairs of languages. Direct translation, as the first of two, covers borrowing, calque and literal translation, and it has the characteristics to stay closer to the SL in terms of translation. The second of two is oblique translation. At this point of translation, the translator may follow the path of transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995: 31). These are the key elements for the analysis of the texts, especially in terms of technical terminology. When we focus on the terminological density of the cycling texts, Vinay & Darbelnet’s translation procedures are ahead of the curve. Technological advancements in cycling develop on a daily basis and these advancements bring new words and expressions into our lives. To keep up with this circle, proper and relevant translation techniques must be followed. Hence, from this point of view, direct and oblique translation are of utmost importance. It would not be wrong to keep in mind that there might be many technical terms which have still not been transferred from English to Turkish in their fullest sense. High-tech equipment and new technologies in products about cycling change the sport and its dynamics on a constant flow. While translating, it should be taken into account that translators should pay special attention to the terminology in both the SL and the TL since one term may mean something while it may mean some other thing in another language, necessitating conforming to the related culture of the language (Eruz, 2003: 63). From this point of view as well, the procedures are significant for this thesis. Together with the Skopos theory, the translators should be experts in the related field to achieve an appropriate translation in TL. The needs of the target audience should therefore be considered. The effect of cultural aspects is also significant (Boynukara, 2017: 6). The situation of cycling in Turkey can have importance for the cultural aspects. It is also important to keep track of the translation in TL because cycling language can include different text types and dense terminology, as it will be exemplified in 3.4. 34 3.4. THE TEXTS IN CYCLIST UK AND CYCLIST TÜRKIYE In order for this study to point to the topic with further explanations, cycling texts are to be explained by examples. Upon analysing the mentioned 12 issues of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye, it has been found out that the content consists mostly of: (1) Technical terms (Analyses of new bicycles and the related equipment) (2) Advertisements (Bicycle and equipment companies) (3) Nutrition and training tips (4) Races and their commentation (5) Important events (new routes, changes in cycling federation, fatal accidents) (6) Question & Answer interviews All of these texts include a unique language use of cycling sport, which needs a special approach just like any other branch in sports translation. It is not possible to draw a straight line and categorise them under certain translational strategies because the texts consist of a homogeneous language use under one roof. When reading about a race commentation, for example, it is possible to see some technical terms in a random text which can be regarded as expressive, informative or operative. Cycling language has a transformational structure in itself. This structure makes it possible for its texts to be multi-layered. Concerning this Chapter of this thesis, it is possible to blend text types, Skopos and the seven procedures during the comparative analysis. This leads us to a point where the analysis of cycling texts must be seen as a joint move considering the theoretical background and theories. The focus cannot be on the text types or Skopos all the time. Instead, they are to be regarded together with the translation procedures. Considering this sense, the next Chapter will follow this path. 35 4. CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY In this chapter, the texts in Cyclist UK and their translation in Cyclist Türkiye will be analysed. The translation procedures applied in the translation of the cycling terms will be considered. Before doing so, the methodology will be explained in detail and data procedures will be covered. Since this study combines translation procedures with a topic such as the translation of cycling texts under the term ‘sports translation’, it will be critical to make relevant connections to associate these two themes. Therefore, the translational theories will later be exemplified with the samples from the written materials which are contained in different issues of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye. After completing the whole process, the Case Study will follow. 4.1. METHODOLOGY For the methodology of this study, this thesis compares the two magazines, Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye, under the guidance of text types, Skopos and the seven translation strategies. As there have been a great many of examples found, the data are analysed in sub-categories. For technical terms Vinay & Darbelnet’s translation procedures will be followed, and for the translation functionality, Skopos theory will be taken into consideration in parallel with text types. As mentioned in the end of Chapter 4, they will be applied and taken into consideration at the same time since the texts involve a dense and joint structure, which requires a wider analysis to see the big picture about the translational process fulfilled by Cyclist Türkiye. As Turkey’s one of the limited magazines in this field, Cyclist Türkiye is thoroughly studied regarding not only its translated texts but also paratextual elements and the use of language. 4.1.1. Type of Research The type of research for this study is descriptive and it relies on the written materials obtained from Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye. As for the first step, the texts which were translated from the issues of Cyclist UK and given place in Cyclist Türkiye have been spotted. An in-depth analysis has been carried out by reading and making comparison about the characteristics of the texts sentence by sentence. 36 It is seen that each issue of Cyclist Türkiye include mostly, again, technical terms (analyses of new bicycles and the related equipment), advertisements (bicycle and equipment companies), nutrition tips, races and their commentation, important events (new routes, changes in cycling federation, fatal accidents) In this study, 12 issues of both magazines have been selected among the plenty of local and translated magazines. The light of Vinay & Darbelnet’s translation procedures and Skopos theory has been followed. 4.1.2. Data Collection The main reason why this study is limited to 12 issues is that the terminology of cycling language is often repetitive as the topic is mostly on bicycles, riders, races, nutrition tips and cycling routes. Because of cycling’s low popularity in Turkey, as illustrated in Chapter 2, it is often quite hard to follow this unique sport via other media organs such as television or the sports columns on newspapers. Cyclist Türkiye, which is a rare source of the intense terminology in the field, has been chosen as the corpus of this study. As a supporting fact, in the 12th issue of 2021, it has been spotted that 12 articles have been translated from English to Turkish and 9 articles have been written by local writers, which helps us have some idea about Cyclist Türkiye. The following issues of both magazines have been scanned and included in this study: Table 5: The Issues of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye Included In The Analysis YEAR ISSUE 2022 January 2021 February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, November, December The above-mentioned issues have been chosen to be analysed in this study. The 2nd issues, being February, of Cyclist UK and Cyclist Türkiye in the year 2022 have not been included in the part of comparative analysis, for the 1st issues of both magazines in 2022 were the latest magazines published while this study was being carried out. 37 There are Cyclist UK, as in United Kingdom and also Cyclist AU & NZ, as in Australia and New Zealand. The reason for choosing the UK version is the editorial credits of Cyclist Türkiye gives place to the UK version in the beginning pages of its issues (Cyclist Türkiye, 2022 April: 11). Cyclist magazine is the original source of information for Cyclist Türkiye. 4.1.3. Data Analysis The data analysis of this study relies on three people. Two of them are the experts from Bisiklet Akademisi. They have been consulted for the analysis of the technical cycling terminology used in the translated texts of Cyclist Türkiye. To add more about Bisiklet Akademisi, it is a corporate company that provides not only advanced bicycle services but also cycling training and education from the amateur level to the professional level, regardless of individuals’ age, with its competent staff and experts. For this reason, Bisiklet Akademisi has importance for this part of the study. For validating the analysis process in its fullest sense, an expert in the field of translation and interpreting has also been consulted. There will be further suggestions for translational analysis in this Chapter. Unless otherwise stated, these suggestions have been carried out by myself. In the tables, page information, the source of magazines, either UK or TR, and publication dates have been given in separate columns. Under the headlines, the compared texts are given both in original language and translated language. The analyses below each table include the analysis and interpretation of each table. The tables are grouped in a way that this study has found most suitable. Some of the examples and terminology in the tables are given directly and some of them are given with their original sentence because it is easier to perform a better comparison. 4.2. APPLYING VINAY & DARBELNET’S TRANSLATION PROCEDURES AND SKOPOS INTO THE TRANSLATION OF CYCLING TEXTS In order to provide a better comprehension, this study will give examples about cycling terminology, one for each translation procedure of Vinay & Darbelnet. After completing this part, the Case Study will be followed. This part does not have to do with the comparative analysis as it will be in the Case Study. 38 Borrowing As the very first procedure, it is the one that simply means taking the word out of the SL, and then, keeping it as it is in the TL. When there is no term which has no equivalence in meaning of the original expression in SL, borrowing is followed. An example would be peloton, which means the main body of riders in a bicycle race and it can be seen in the UK version (Cyclist UK, 2021 December: 98) and in the Turkish version (Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 December: 82). Calque Calque, as for the second procedure under the term direct translation, means the literal transference of the original elements in the SL to the TL. Here, we focus on the expression down tube of a bicycle, which means a tube in the bicycle frame. It can be seen as down tube in the UK version (Cyclist UK, 2021 October: 15) and as alt boru in the Turkish version (Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 November: 17). Literal Translation The third procedure, word for word transfer between SL and TL, is literal translation. The translated inputs are reversible and there are no meaning gaps between them. Total Internal Cable Routing (Cyclist UK, 2021 November: 127) can be a specific example. It is possible to see the same expression as Toplam Dahili Kadro Yönlendirme in the translated version (Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 December: 105). The term means locating every cable on a bike in its frame. Literal translation is most common between languages of the same family. Transposition Followingly, the first of oblique translation is transposition. It is indeed replacing an utterance with another one; however, there should be no alteration in meaning. An example is as follows: Original: ‘The cyclist told the press that he got injured during the training ride.’ Transposition: ‘The cyclist told the press about his injury during the training ride.’ By transposition, indeed, the places of word groups are changed and it could be obligatory and optional (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995: 36). It depends on the translator deciding a process of transposition is a must or not. 39 Modulation The second concept following transposition is modulation. It means, by going through a change in perspective, the form of the expression is changed, as well. It is done between languages which have quite different characteristics from each other, and at that point, English and Turkish could be given as illustrations. For example, a sentence in Turkish as “Asla erken kalkmam” which means “I never wake up early”. In this sentence, “Asla” means “never” and as “never” takes away the possibility of using a further negative usage grammatically in English, the negation particle used in Turkish (-ma) is not used in the English version. (Eriş, 2019: 552). Equivalence By the third being equivalence, cultural terms, such as expressions of pain, could be taken as example. Hence, onomatopoeia, the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it, is a good example for this. Besides, cultural equivalences could also be used under this term. The expressions about food and nutrition, daily routines, storytelling, beliefs in general could be given as some sources having importance for creating equivalent expressions on both sides. Stage (Cyclist UK, 2022 January: 37) is translated as etap (Cyclist Türkiye, 2022 January: 29) in Turkish. Equivalence has been found as there is an existing Turkish equivalent term for stage. Such examples are important for a language to build its own terms as the key focus is the equivalence. The more equivalent terms a language has, the more unique expression it can have. Adaptation And the final procedure is adaptation. It is indeed a point which might be considered as if the boundaries are being pushed. It is a strategy when the translator is to translate or express a term whose equivalence is not existent with a word in TL. In its general sense, it is frequently needed to use different techniques. Cycling has its unique language use which shows a constant improvement in terms of new terms. Additively, a wide range of perspectives play a significant role considering the way the texts are written and translated. It is of utmost importance when performing a translational process about cycling. 40 For adaptation, we have the original term souplesse (Cyclist UK, 2021 November: 54). The meaning for the term is high cadence pedalling with seeming ease. It has been translated into Turkish as kusursuz bir pedallama (Cyclist Türkiye, 2021 December: 30). The term can be seen to be adapted. 4.3. CASE STUDY In this part of the study, the technical terms are analysed. These terms are taken from the translated texts from Cyclist UK to Cyclist Türkiye. The names and the dates, being the issues of that specific month, are given in the headline right next to the related page. Here, there will be only the comparative analyses of the findings. The interpretation of these analyses will be made relying on the translation procedures of Vinay & Darbelnet, and Skopos by Hans J. Vermeer. The tables include single or multiple examples, which is done by this study to keep the analysis in a good shape for comprehension. In the examples that will follow this part, the terms about cycling language are listed and given in the beginning, in the middle or in the end of the comparative analyses. This is an intentional move made by this study to prevent any misunderstanding. For some examples, it will be more useful for the readers to see the list at the first step, and then read the explanations. Example 1: PAGE UK 12.2021 PAGE TR 12.2021 38 Soigneur 24 Suvanyör PAGE UK 11.2021 PAGE TR 11.2021 107 HyperGlide freehub 89 HyberGlide freehub PAGE UK 10.2021 PAGE TR 12.2021 69 … you’ll remember it for the outstanding performance of Ineos super-domestique Dani Martínez in service of maglia rosa Egan Bernal 49 Ineos’un süper domestiği Dani Martínez’in maglia rosa için Egan Bernal hizmetindeki olağanüstü performansıyla hatırlayabilirsiniz. PAGE UK 11.2021 PAGE TR 12.2021 127 TICR (‘total internal cable routing’) 105 TICR (‘toplam dahili kadro yönlendirme’) The sport of cycling consists of many technical terms. The first one is a term which means the technical team staff in professionals cycling teams, being soigneur. For such terms, it might be 41 quite challenging to find a unique expression in the TL unless the utterance is accepted in the target community in the same way so that a natural expression is not found but born on its own by the use of language. Freehub, being a part of the rear wheel of a bicycle, indeed has a Turkish expression, göbek or jant göbeği; however, it has not been translated in that way and it may lead to confusions for someone who is new to cycling. If it had been translated in a more equivalent expression as göbek or arka göbek, it would have been easier to comprehend, and also, Skopos would have been achieved. Another one is super-domestique, the bicycle rider who, again, is a team member and races for the benefit of their team and leader. Maglia rosa, the leader’s jersey in the cycling race Giro d’Italia, is expressed in the same way as the others. Such expressions have found their place in Turkish, and according to Vinay & Darbelnet, they are good examples for borrowing. TICR, the last one in the first table, is a clear indicator of literal translation but it is also another good example for an achieved Skopos thanks to the explanation in brackets. They can be seen below: Example 2: PAGE UK 09.2021 PAGE TR 12.2021 132 a mechanical clutch 106 mekanik bir clutch 132 Sram’s Orbid fluid damper 106 Sram’ın orbit sıvı damperi PAGE UK 09.2021 PAGE TR 01.2022 80 Stagiaire 62 Stajyer PAGE UK 01.2021 PAGE TR 01.2022 40 Stagiaire 32 - PAGE UK 07.2021 PAGE TR 12.2021 32 Fixed gear bikes 19 Fixie bisikletler 32 AbsoluteBlack's machined aluminum offerings 19 AbsoluteBlack’in alüminyum ürünleri 32 Osymetric's 'twin-cam' shape 19 Osymetric’in ‘twin-cam’ modeli Mechanical clutch, a special part of the shifting mechanism of a bicycle, has been kept the same as it is in the original version, being a good example of borrowing, just li